Kugwira ntchito ndi titaniyamu woyera

Mmodzi wa mitundu iwiri woyera, zofala kwambiri ntchito ndi chithunzi zamakono - woyera titaniyamu. Iwo ali opambana mu ena a mitundu ina yotchuka ya makhalidwe - otsogolera nthaka.

Background: Patsogolo

Utoto woyera ntchito ndi ojambula zithunzi kuchokera kalelo. Ngakhale mu BC zana loyamba, wolemba mbiri Roma Pliny anafotokoza ndondomeko kulenga amabisa tchipisi kutsogolera ndi viniga. Kenako, luso lake kwa kupanga woyera kutsogolera wakhala anayamba dziko lirilonse lalikulu European. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi, iconography, zofuna luso. Komabe, kutsogolera - zakuthupi poizoni kwambiri. Zinawonongedwa ndi woyera kutsogolera kwa Akatswiri ndi omanga komanso osauka, chinkhoswe pa ulimi wawo, sikutheka kuwerengera.

nthaka

Panali nsalu zina - minyanga woyera lili ndi mafupa a nkhosa amphongo, woyera choko, eggshells ndipo ngakhale ngale. Koma onsewo anali osowa kwambiri, chovuta kupanga choncho mtengo. Chifukwa cha ichi, aluso anapitiriza ntchito kutsogolera poizoni. mitundu wamba - kaolin wa, antimony, sulfure, kutsogolera ndi malata - akadali osati mabuku yopanga woyera patsogolo.

Mpaka 1780, pamene awiri French sayansi Bernard Courtois ndi Louis-Bernard Guyton de A Morveau, anayamba kufunafuna utoto zochepa woopsawo. Kusankha kwawo unagwa pa okusayidi nthaka, potengera zomwe adalandira woyera pang'ono poizoni. Vuto linali mu mtengo. Nthaka okusayidi anali ofunika kanayi okwera mtengo kusiyana ndi kutsogolera, aluso ambiri anakhalabe wokhulupirika zinthu zakale.

Titan

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII William Gregor ndi German Klaproth anapeza zitsulo sankadziwika, amene kenako m'malo kutsogolera kuŵeta woyera. Koma pamaso pa chiyambi cha XX m'ma titaniyamu ankaona achabechabe, ziribe kanthu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zitsulo. Only mu 1908, akatswiri a ku Ulaya apeza ntchito kwa izo - titaniyamu woipa anamugwiritsa ntchito yopanga mtundu watsopano wa woyera. Kuyambira mu 1920, Europe wakhala anapezerapo kuŵeta wa titaniyamu woipa inki pafupifupi kwathunthu m'malo ndi msika patsogolo. Pamaso Russia muli luso yekha mmasate Mu zaka zapitazo. Chifukwa chakuti izi ofufuza kusamalira kusiyanitsa ntchito lodalirika m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri ndi chinyengo: okopera osasamalira osaganizira kuti Russian avant-garde analemba makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito woyera kutsogolera, titaniyamu kenako anazunzidwa.

Kuyerekezera osiyanasiyana woyera

• Kawopsedwe. White kutsogolera osiyana kwambiri poizoni ndipo panopa ntchito yokhayo mitundu luso. Mayiko Association of Labor Protection limaletsa penti malinga a kumpanda ndi woyera kutsogolera moyo. Anthu amisiri kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zakubadwa ndi akazi a m'badwo uliwonse akuletsedwa ntchito ndi patsogolo. Pang'ono poizoni nthaka woyera, angabweretse palibe choopsa pa moyo, ndi titaniyamu akhoza kulembedwa popanda vuto lililonse thanzi.
• Kuwonekera (kubisala mphamvu). Nthaka okusayidi ndi Kuwonekera chotsikitsitsa, kuti apirire ntchito chakale kupenta glaze. Titaniyamu woyera glaze kupanga kosathandiza chifukwa Kuphunzira awo ndi apamwamba kwambiri (2.7). Koma iwo ndi abwino kupenta kwambiri wandiweyani La prima - pigment izi bwino pamwamba mitundu ina.
• Azioneka. Nthaka okusayidi ndi pang'ono otentha kamvekedwe titaniyamu - ozizira.
• Kukana. Nthaka okusayidi, makamaka pa mkulu inki wosanjikiza makulidwe, zinadzakuta ndi ming'alu. Popeza inki titaniyamu woipa kuti sizichitika - mmodzi wa mtundu wawo mbanvu kuti ntchito penti ndi spacecraft. White kutsogolera ndi amphamvu kwambiri - kuti iwo sayenera kuteteza ntchito za ambuye akale.

zina za inki titaniyamu woipa

M'kupita kwa nthawi, ntchito, olembedwa titaniyamu woipa inki, zikhoza kukhala ndi kulocha bluish. Mu kupenta mafuta woyera ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala. Iwo osavomerezeka kusakaniza ndi ena mitundu ina: azure, cobalt, cadmium. Pamene wosanganiza razbelivaniya zotsatira kumachitika ndi iwo, ndi kupanga wosakhazikika zokongola pawiri. Titaniyamu kuyera chikasu pa nthawi. Titaniyamu woipa pamene wothira inki organic akhale discolored pa nthawi. Ndi bwino osati kuphimba ntchito ndi ntchito titaniyamu woyera mafuta copal varnish - asiyane mosalephera.

Chifukwa cha zolakwa onsewa m'ma makumi awiri, aluso akana ntchito titaniyamu woipa inki. kupanga awo anali inaimitsidwa. Koma ena titaniyamu White - akiliriki, gouache kapena tempera opangidwa pa mlingo chomwecho. Iwo bwinobwino anapitiriza ntchito ndi amisiri ambiri. Titaniyamu White Mafuta yaitali akhala ku Limbo - chophimba mkulu mphamvu, si poizoni ndi zimakhalanso zotsika mtengo anabwerera iwo pa maalumali, ndipo lero aliyense akhoza kuchita, kuti aone ngati ntchito zawo alandiridwa naye.