White kutsogolera: katundu, kupanga ntchito, zoipa thanzi

mitundu mchere woyera, anapanga pamaziko a kutsogolera dzina la mchere uli m'gulu zikuchokera awo - woyera patsogolo. Malinga ndi dziko, nthawi ndi njira zotsimikizira utoto kutsogolera ofotokoza ali zosiyanasiyana otchedwa: psimition, Dutch, cerussite, siliva kapena monga thovu siliva, Klagenfurt, Venetian woyera, zoyera otsogolera ena.

Mbiri ya yatsoka

Kwa nthawi yoyamba woyera kutsogolera yatchedwa mu mabuku a Greek wolemba Dioscorides mu IV m'ma BC. Anadziwa kale za katundu wa otsogolera akhoza kutuluka kuti ubereka mitundu. Patapita amabisa kupanga luso, kapena, ngati iwo anawaitana, cerussa, ali anafotokoza Aroma olemba monga Vitruvius, Pliny ndi Theophrastus. The "latsopano" kuunika kwa woyera kutsogolera kwa nthawi yoyamba inatuluka mu Netherlands mu Ages Middle. Factory yopanga woyera mwamsanga anapeza yogawa lonse, ndi mowa awo nthawi zonse kukula. Ngakhale zili chomwechi, wasayansi Bergman yekha cha m'ma XVIII, anali wokhoza kuulula mipweya ya woyera.

Koma Russia, mbiri ya ntchito ndi kupanga woyera kutsogolera si choncho akale, zaka zana zapitazo, anayamba kubala kwa ife. Tsogolerani ofotokoza utoto lalikulu zedi opangidwa ku Yaroslavl, zomwe akuti ndi likulu la yopanga amabisa. Pakali pano, pali mafakitale angapo chinkhoswe mu kupanga zopangidwa woyera odziwika kuti ndi otchuka pa dziko lonse.

dera ntchito

Mukhoza ntchito woyera kutsogolera monga zosungunulira mitundu ina. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi ntchito zawo kupenta ntchito chifukwa cha kawopsedwe mkulu wa mankhwala. Nthawi yapadera ntchito kutsogolera ofotokoza woyera utoto kwa kali zitsulo.

Koma ngati pali ntchito woyera kutsogolera ntchito, m'pofunika kutsatira mosamalitsa ndondomeko malamulo chitetezo zotchulidwa mu nkhani ya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Chifukwa cha mavuto pa thupi la munthu, ngakhale monga mbali ya utoto si ololedwa kugwiritsa ntchito woyera patsogolo.

Chifukwa cha kawopsedwe mkulu ntchito woyera malamulo pa mlingo malamulo. Choncho, malamulo a 1909 ndi 1926 bwanji kuchepa lakuthwa kupanga pachaka utoto izi mu France. Khumi ndi utoto mafakitale ku dziko lino chaka umabala tonnes oposa 20 000 a whiting mu nthawi ino, kuchuluka si upambana tonnes 1,000. malamulo awa, mwatsoka, ntchito kokha ndi gawo la France, m'mayiko ena, ntchito woyera kutsogolera si lamulo.

Katundu wa woyera kutsogolera

Iwo amatuluka mu mawonekedwe a ufa wolemera woyera ndi dongosolo granular. Atadziŵa kwa mpweya wa asidi acetic kupanga otsogolera woyera patsogolo. Chekeni iwo, kuweruza ndi dzina, zoyera. Chifukwa chikhalidwe cha ndondomeko yopanga kuti chomaliza mankhwala lili pang'ono shuga patsogolo. Amakhudza kafungo ka woyera kutsogolera iwo kwangochepetsako pang'ono sourish kukoma, ndi chiŵerengero cha acetic kutsogolera mchere zofunika sayenera upambana 1% zosafunika okwana.

Maminolo utoto, amene wapangidwa woyera kutsogolera, mkulu kubisala mphamvu ndi waufupi kuyanika nthawi. 10% ya kulemera okwana inki mafuta mayamwidwe awo. Panja White msanga alimbitse, ndipo izi zimachitika mu makulidwe a utoto wosanjikiza. Ndi kuyamika khalidwe limeneli ngati anafuna ndi chithunzi ukadaulo multilayer ndi kupanga primers mafuta woyera patsogolo.

Zikuchokera, motero mphamvu kwa kuyanika mofulumira inki mosavuta kunditumiza ku zipangizo, ndi chifukwa kuti ngakhale pang'onopang'ono kuyanika inki mwamsanga youma lonse wosanjikiza ake. Zopindulitsa ndi kuthi podmalevki monga abwino kudetsa wotsatira, ndi bwino kugwirizana ndi zigawo wotsatira ndipo musati osokoneza.

Mtendere pa ntchito woyera kutsogolera

Kupatula pa ubwino zoonekeratu ntchito woyera kutsogolera, iwo ndi nambala ya kuipa waukulu.

Choyamba ndi Dziwani za kawopsedwe mkulu wa ufa. Pamene akusisita malamulo chitetezo ayenera kuchitidwa mu dongosolo, kuti ufa ndi sprayed. Amadziwika osati kwa milandu poyizoni kwambiri, komanso amapha.

White kutsogolera amatha kusintha kuwala. Atadziŵa haidrojeni sulfide utoto choyamba akuyamba kukula bulauni, kenako kwathunthu akutembenukira wakuda. Izi zimachitika pokhapokha ngati mbali ya nambala osakwanira woyera binder amafotokozera. Komabe, njira imeneyi ndi kusintha. Pakuti koyamba kupeza utoto pamwamba mtundu utoto ayenera kuchita ndi wa hydrogen peroxide, angathe kusintha wakuda kutsogolera sulphide mu sulphate woyera.

M'malo zamchere, woyera yovuta, nchifukwa chake sali oyenera tempera zamchere ndi Zojambula pakhoma.

Mu penti kulunjika amenewa chinaoneka. White patsogolo, linseed mafuta akuchita izi ndi, angathe kusintha dziko. Ngati chithunzi anachoka kwa zenera ndipo walangizidwa utoto khoma zochokera kutsogolera woyera chikasu, koma ndi kubwerera kwa mtundu wapachiyambi, pamene ngati dzuŵa mwachindunji.

Zosiyanasiyana woyera

Pakali pano, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya woyera. Kukuthandiza, nthaka ndi titaniyamu ndi ambiri.

Tsogolerani - akale, iwo amagwiritsa ntchito ojambula zithunzi akale. Ubwino wa iwo kuti ungagwiritsidwe ntchito zigawo mandala, ndi utoto uphwetsa mofulumira kwambiri. Iwo ali dongosolo kugawa ndi wolimba kwambiri. Koma drawback chachikulu ndi kawopsedwe ake.

Titaniyamu woyera. Iwo sali zochepa wotchuka ndi amisiri ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi kutsogolera woyera. utoto Izi kamvekedwe whitest, koma sangathe ake ndi kuti chimaonekera mwamtheradi ndi kwathunthu chimadzaza malankhulidwe ena.

Awa ndi chotchuka kwambiri ndi ambuye woyera mbiya. Iwo kanthu dothi, ndipo ngati izo siziri zokwanira, ndiye ntchito wosanjikiza woonda pamwamba pa wina.

Nthaka okusayidi. Iwo sali ngati wandiweyani monga titaniyamu woyera , ndipo kotero iwo ntchito toning ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo mandala. The downside utoto ichi ndi yaitali kuyanika nthawi.

Dutch njira

Iyi ndi njira yoyamba ndi yakale kwambiri kupanga woyera patsogolo. Pakuti ndondomeko imeneyi, kutsogolera mbale 2-3 mamilimita lonse Mzere ndi kusema kutalika masentimita 6 anaikidwa Khoma miphika yadothi, motero chimakankhira mwauzimu. Miphika ayenera kukhala pafupifupi 1 lita imodzi, ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 20. Thereto Chinawonjezeka 250 ml ya vinyo wosasa. miphika The anayikidwa mu mizere ya kamera njerwa ndi interspersed ndi zigawo manyowa kavalo akuwonjezeka. Pansi pa wosanjikiza wokuta kavalo manyowa, ndi kuyika wosanjikiza woyamba miphika, iwo anaphimba pamwamba ndi mbale otsogolera matabwa, ndi mipata pakati pa miphika komanso odzazidwa ndi manyowa. Choncho miphika ndi kukhazikitsa kuti zigawo pamwamba.

Pa manyowa nayonso mphamvu amapanga kutentha, omwe amalimbikitsa evaporation asidi acetic. Pamene catalyzing mpweya wochokera mu mpweya kutsogolera limapanga mchere acetic, ndi n'kukhala uglesvintsovuyu, umene uli woyera patsogolo. The ndondomeko ya kulekana kwa woyera kwa mbale utsogoleri wa yolemetsa kwambiri, kawirikawiri chinkhoswe mu makina. Ambiri ntchito imeneyi ndi chipangizo lamapiri.

German njira

Kusiyana kwa ndondomeko Dutch German yekha mu mfundo. Kukuthandiza mapepala saletsa miphika, ndipo ali Anapachikidwa mu njerwa ndi nkhuni maselo. A ndondomeko zina zotsatira asidi acetic ndi mpweya zofanana. Nthawi zambiri njira imeneyi ntchito chipangizo chamagetsi Major.

French njira

Tenar anali bungwe la njira French kwa zotsimikizira woyera patsogolo. Pakuti chopangidwa njira yoyamba acetic kutsogolera salt, kenako kupyolera amene mpweya woipa wadutsa. Chifukwa, osachita woyera, ndi chiyerekezo acetic Kukuthandiza mchere amakhalabe mu njira. Zimenezi ndi mosalekeza, monga mu anakhala njira redissolved litharge, n'kupanga mchere zofunika.

njira English

Njira imeneyi yopezera woyera kutsogolera zinasintha kwambiri kotero kuti ntchito zochepa posachedwapa. The ng'oma yopingasa anaika litharge, wothira ndi yankho la 1% kutsogolera shuga. Apo iye ntchito agitator imazungulira. Pankhaniyi, mpweya mtsinje kukonzedwa.

Pakuti ndondomeko imeneyi, n'kofunika kwabasi kuti litharge anali palibe zosafunika kapena woyera kuti akhale ndi mtundu osafunika.