The kupenta "Black Square" ndi Malevich: tanthauzo la chithunzi, ikulongosola za

zaka zana zapitazo, mawu awa awiri komveka, osati kupereka mpumulo kwa anthu ambirimbiri. The kupenta "Black Square" zojambula dziko lililonse zofufuzafufuza - wotchuka kwambiri Russian mogometsa - chizindikiro cha lingaliro kwa nthawi yaitali pasadakhale ngakhale mofulumira XX atumwi.

cataclysms nyengo wojambula

Kazimir Severinovich Malevich moyo wanga ofanana wamng'ono tsoka kwa kathyali wochenjera kwa luso, ali ndi cholinga apeze chuma mwa kugulitsa ziphunzitso abstruse, chizindikiro chimene awona zochuluka za "akatswiri" kupenta ndi Malevich "Black Square". Iye anabadwa mu 1879 ku Kiev, waukulu woyang'anira kupanga banja pa fakitale shuga. Chilakolako anali kuphunzira kuchokera ku ubwana, koma ndalama zochepa sikuloledwa kulandira zonse luso maphunziro, anakakamizika oyambirira kuyamba kugwira ntchito moyo monga draftsman a.

Mu Kursk, kumene anasamukira Malevich banja, anakonza bwalo okonda zojambulajambula ndi kuyamba kukonzekera kulowa Moscow School of Painting, amene anayesayesa kuchita mu 1905 - iye anali osaphunzira. Ngakhale Casimir anali kale ndi banja lake, anasamukira ku Moscow, anaphunzitsa mu payekha maphunziro kusukulu ya mfumu Academy of Tirhana F. I. Rerberga ndi nawo mwakhama ntchito mayanjano luso, nthawizina kwakukulu kwambiri - monga "Jack ya diamondi", "Mchira buru" "Blue wokwera" ndi zina zotero. d.

kufufuza nthawi

Nyengo yatsopano anathetsa makhalidwe akale. Angalephere kuona mbali likutipatsa zithunzi, kulembamo nthawi anatenga chithunzi ndi nascent film, kukakamiza aluso kuyetsa mawonekedwe. Ndi zachuma zisinthe anapanga sikuthandiza nkhani mwachizolowezi mwachangu kulimbikitsa ntchito yofunafuna nsalu zokha ayi zili zatsopano.

Malevich anakhala pakati pa moyo luso akutengera mumaganiza za zotsogola: analemba mitunda impressionistic, anatenga gawo mu zochita maganizo a Futurists (mwachitsanzo - kuyenda pa Kuznetsky Bridge ndi spoons matabwa buttonholes awo), utoto kalembedwe cubism, zachitika kalembedwe ake - "abstruse Kuzindikira ", cholinga buku andakatulo ambiri avant-garde monga A. anapotoza ndi Velimir Khlebnikov. Pamodzi ndi Mayakovsky anamasulidwa "Masiku ano splint, amasonyeza zochitika za First World nkhondo.

"Kugonjetsa Dzuwa"

Ngakhale mu 1913, pakhala zochitika kwakukulukulu anatsimikiza moyo kulenga ya Malevich. Mu St. Petersburg amaulutsira "The First Onse-Russian Congress wa Futurists" imene panafika anthu atatu: anayambitsa chinenero chatsopano - "zaum" - Aleksey Kruchonyh, wochirikiza wa nyimbo dissonance Michael Matyushin ndi yogwira mdani wa wophiphiritsa kupenta Kazimir Malevich. Chifukwa cha ntchito ouziridwa anali zisudzo awiri a pa sewero "kugonjetsa Dzuwa", m'gulu mbiri ya avant-garde luso. Ndi pano poyamba Malevich kupenta "Black Square" - ngati motif anaonekera monga likhale ndi chilengedwe ku mchitidwe 1 opera.

Nkhani yaikulu opera anali kubadwa kwa latsopano, injini za m'tsogolo, zimene kudzachitika pokhapo pamene chiwonongeko chotheratu cha dziko lakale. Mutu umenewu ndiwo ndi zisudzo si akatswiri zovala wosangalatsa zochokera zina zachidule ndi Malevich, kunena samveka, koma zimasonyeza "zachabechabe", kusuntha pakati zokongola zodabwitsa pansi nkhanza phokoso atonal tochokera limba kukhumudwa. The zisudzo idatha kumuyalutsa, T. E. cholinga anali akwaniritsa.

"0,10" chionetsero

M'nthawi taonera luso Malevich ndi kugwirizanitsa momuzungulira ojambula zithunzi kuphatikiza kupanga malingaliro. Koma ngakhale gulu lake linali lathunthu anadabwa chionetsero cha zojambula 39 wokonzedwera kwa chionetserocho wotsegulira December 19, 1915, ku zomera N. Dobychina pa za Champ de A Mars mu Petrograd. Dzina "Zero Khumi" zikutanthauza ziro cholinga mitundu mu zojambula ndi aziwonetsero khumi (kuti panali 14). Iyo inali nthawi yake yoyamba panali chithunzi cha "wakuda bokosi" - chithunzi analanda ake mu "ngodya wofiira", pomwe zambiri anaika zithunzi. chithunzicho yekha anapachika kupenta pa usiku pamaso kutsegula analemba zithunzi ndiponso anasaina, anakonza Ndondomeko "Kuchokera Cubism kuti Suprematism. Watsopano zithunzi Kuzindikira. " Choncho iye anakhala mtsogoleri wa gulu latsopano luso, amene chizindikiro chinali kupenta "Black Square". chionetserocho wakhala ikhale ya "Futurist Last", koma tanthauzo la monga kusintha kwa Suprematism, malinga ndi Malevich, anzake sanagwirizane - maganizo kwambiri kwakukulu analengeza wojambula.

Suprematism

Dzina amachokera kwa Latin supremus - apamwamba - ndi Polish supremacja - ukulu, mphamvu. Kukula ongolankhula wa kalembedwe watsopano Malevich anati za ulamuliro wa irrelevance monga makhalidwe liwulo luso woona. Atamasulidwa kupenta wophiphiritsa amakhala mchitidwe wa chilengedwe choyera, ngati Mulungu, ndi kupenta "Black Square" tinganene ali pervokletki quality, chinthu chachikulu cha dziko latsopano.
tanthauzo la liwu Malevich anasonyeza kufunika ovuta zenizeni latsopano kutatha zida zikuluzikulu zimene amagwiritsa ntchito - ndi mitundu, mizere, njira yosavuta zojambula. Woyamba Suprematist amajambulapo maluwa okongola, kuphatikizapo zojambula Kazimira Malevicha "Black Square", anali expressiveness wapadera zochokera nyimbo zambiri mtundu, osati molakwika liniya ndi kaonedwe mlengalenga, oyerekezera voliyumu ndi zina zotero. D. m'tsogolo chitukuko cha mfundo zazikulu natenga maonekedwe zimakhudza motani Mitundu yosiyanasiyana - supremacist zitsulo zikuchokera kanjedza anthu anaonekera ngakhale atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena zinthu - "architectons" mawu kukhala Malevich maganizo pa zomangamanga m'tsogolo.

Maziko a dziko latsopano kutatha wojambula anali yaikulu akuti - "Black Square". Tanthauzo la chithunzi cha maatomu anatsimikiza phindu limene chosamanga sanjira wa dziko alipo ndi watsopano, chowonadi zina ndi kuchuluka kwa dziko anapereka ambiguity ndi "Black Square". Ndi chiyani icho?

Apotheosis wa irrelevance

Kulengeza ufulu moona koyera luso Kulemba zinthu zenizeni, wojambula abwera amatipeza imfa ya wophiphiritsa uliwonse, kapena kufufuza mawonekedwe koyamba, zomwe n'zosatheka kudzipatula ku zinthu constituent. Ichi ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chikupezeka Malevich - "Black Square". Tanthauzo la chithunzicho ndi kuganiza opangidwa ndi izo, sikudalira zili zamalankhulidwe, kuchokera kuyanjana ndi dziko cholinga, ndi latchula ndi allusions. Ntchito anatumizidwa mfiti si kophweka, pamafunika nawo wowerenga, ndi voteji mphamvu yake yauzimu, pamaso pa iyo ena katundu. Ndipo nthawi zambiri sapereka mayankho omveka, ndipo umaimira njira yatsopano kutenga zidindo za moyo, ndipo si kuti cholinga cha luso?

Mtundu - maziko a kupenta zamakono

Dzina lake lonse kupenta mbuye wake wotchuka amaimira "Black Suprematist lalikulu pa maziko woyera." Pakuti wojambula ndi nzeru zapamwamba pano kunali kofunika kuti Mawu aliwonse, chifukwa ulamuliro wa mtundu, chachikulu ake magwero a Suprematism. Mungapeze ponena za kupenta "Black Square" ndi Malevich, komwe mtundu wa utoto ntchito kwa lona, ndi osakaniza zovuta za mithunzi osiyana, imene palibe bwino utoto bezels otchedwa n'kuti kuwala kirimu mithunzi.

Zikuoneka kuti zikupanga zinthu kukhala zomveka kwa mbuye, pamene iye anali kuchita masitepe lotsatira - mu wotchuka yakuti "yoyera woyera" pamene expressiveness wa kupenta zachokera ubale mtundu wochenjera pakati pa ndege. The kupenta "Black Square" - atchedwe mtundu lalikulu kwambiri lovuta kwambiri, mosiyana. Ngakhale kumvetsetsa wakuda chifukwa cha kusanganikirana mitundu chachikulu (ofunda ndi ozizira, kawalidwe ndi zina), kumawathandiza kufunika kwa mawu amenewa.

Mphamvu ndi kuwala

Nzosadabwitsa kutchula koyamba za wakuda lalikulu ikuoneka m'ntchito Malevich pa mamangidwe a futuristic sewero la "kugonjetsa Dzuwa". Kufotokozera za pachithunzipa "Black Square", kulongosola maziko woyera amene aikidwa ndi opaque olimba chithunzi monga naomba kuwala kuyandikira kwa chophimba, amapezeka chithunzicho ndi omvera, makamaka organically kulingana ndi zochitika zimene zikuchitika opera.

Ndi zodabwitsa bwanji Malevich anakwanitsa kulosera m'madera wowoneka bwino kuti akhala apakhungu pambuyo theka zaka. Ad Reinhardt, Sol LeWitt, mosakaika, anali kuyenda motsatira njira atalonjeza "Black Square". Mu Marko Rothko a mtundu ndi mphamvu kugwedera mawonekedwe laconic amapeza lonse dziko, ndi njira yosonyezera mphamvu imeneyi ndi lofanana ndi Suprematist pafupifupi kwenikweni.

Sizikudziwika mmene anali kwa Malevich mfundo za mitundu zopangidwa, kufanana mbali kosavuta lalikulu, ripple maziko ndipo kunja kukuzizira wakuda, koma chinachake zimapangitsa kusuzumira chithunzi ndi mphindi cheza lachinsinsi therefrom amakhala chogwirika.

Vuto la maganizo, mapeto a luso?

Banal kuyenerera wa namatetule makhalidwe luso aulosi, koma mu nkhani ya moyang'ana m'tsogolo Malevich zimaoneka. Panalinso zoonekeratu kuti m'nthawi amajambulapo maluwa okongola apocalyptic, amene anapereka Malevich "Black Square". Tanthauzo la chithunzi adayiwona mapeto akufa, amene wabweretsa luso kupenta, makamaka chitukuko cha ganizo chikhalidwe.

Ntchito mwachizolowezi a luso labwino anatsimikizidwa lotha, ndi lalikulu anaona chifukwa zachilengedwe a kulenga kusaka formalists. Nzosadabwitsa pali nthano kuti pamene anaona "Black Square", Picasso chidwi mu Cubism - kusuntha zina kupita ... Musati kuwonjezera chidaliro yafika nthawi ya nkhondo ndi premonition bwino za kusokonekera chosintha m'tsogolo.

Ndipo komabe, kuchokera pamwamba pa nthawi zinapita mu mawu ndi uthenga umene Malevich, akamva kuitana kupeza njira zatsopano, ndi kukana njira wakale wa posonyeza dziko kusintha sizikuwoneka lalikulu. Izi linatsimikizidwa ndi ntchito zina za mbuye ndi ophunzira ake viability ya mfundo zake.

lozani otstcheta

Malevich chinsalu akadali amanditenga ndemanga wandiweyani, amene amanditenga dzina chithunzicho ndi kuchuluka operekedwa kuti chithunzi choyambirira - ndi "otsutsa" amene ali mwana namwali nzeru. Zikhoza kukhulupirira ziro tanthauzo la luso zimenezi. Una wakuda, kungolandira kuwala nkhani ya makhalidwe abwino luso, ndipo zikuoneka kwambiri Atetezi mwa miyambo wauzimu ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Nthawiyi, dzina la Malevich amadziwika kuti aliyense m'tsogolo wojambula, mlengi kapena wamanga mu dziko, Suprematism kwakhudza aluso wotchuka ano. Mwachitsanzo, mlembi wa mitundu kopitilira muyeso-masiku ano nyumba ndiponso atazunguliridwa ndi munthu - Zaha Hadid - limatsindika zochita za maganizo a chithunzicho Russian pa ntchito yake yonse.

Kodi muyenera kuchita chithunzi "Black Square"

Mukhoza kukhala moyo popanda kuganizira za okhuta ndi moyo wabwino kuona dziko mosiyana ena. kukangana ndi abwenzi ndi adani, kupanga ophunzira, kuyesa kutsimikizira kulondola kwa mphamvu ya boma ndi kugwera umphawi ndi ukapolo kufa matenda opweteka si koma ukalamba ndi kusintha maliro awo mu gawo avant-garde luso.

Koma chifukwa kusokoneza zinthu? Lona, pang'ono utoto ndi osachepera luso kupenta - okonzeka mwaluso za kufunika dziko. Ndipo bwino - kompyuta kusintha ndi apamwamba chosindikizira - kotero see, olondola wokongola kwambiri ... Ndipo ambiri Chofunika - sizipanga owonjezera khama maganizo, chifukwa chirichonse chiri mophweka ...