Kukonda malonda ndi chiyani? Zitsanzo

Kuchita malonda kwa anthu ndi ntchito yapadera, yomwe ili pambali ya chikondi ndi bizinesi. Zimaphatikizapo kuchotsedwa kwa phindu ndi kubwezeretsanso kwake pothetsera mavuto kapena kuthetsa mavuto omwe akukumana nawo kwambiri. Zomwe ndalamazo sizimagawidwa pakati pa anthu owona zachuma, koma zimayikidwa muzochitika ngati kuchepa kwa ntchito, kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha ufulu wa nzika, chilengedwe. Tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane zomwe amalonda odzikonda amakhala nawo.

Zambiri zadzidzidzi

Kuchita malonda kwa anthu ndi malo omwe ntchito zimayendetsedwa popanda ndalama za kunja. Ntchito yonse imayendetsedwa pamakampani omwe amatsimikiziridwa. Pankhaniyi, wina sanganene kuti kugulitsa malonda ndi mtundu wa ntchito yodziimira. Mu gawo lino, osati nthawi yokhayo yomwe inatsimikiziridwa, komanso njira zatsopano zokhudzana ndi sayansi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku njira yothetsera mavuto omwe alipo kale komanso omwe alipo posachedwapa.

Mfundo ya Utumiki

Otsogoleredwa ndi mabungwe ang'onoang'ono amalonda ndi anthu omwe amagwirizana ndi anthu angathe kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Amagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a anthu mmagulu a ntchito zawo zazikulu. Izi zikhoza kukhala chithandizo chamankhwala, ulimi, ntchito, maphunziro, ndi zina zotero. Pakalipano, palibe tsatanetsatane yeniyeni yotsatsa malonda, chifukwa imakhudza mbali zambiri za moyo waumunthu ndipo ili ndi ziwerengero zambiri za machitidwe ndi zigawo. Ndizofunika kwambiri kufotokoza ntchitoyi ndi mawu otsatirawa: "Pindula mwa kuthandiza ena". Kuchita malonda kwa anthu ndi njira yothetsera mavuto omveka komanso omveka a moyo waumphawi, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kosasintha. Tiyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti ntchitoyi sichikondi. Thandizo limaperekedwa ndi mfundo "yopatsa nsomba, koma ndodo yosodza."

Mbiri yakale

Kodi kugulitsa zamalonda kunayamba bwanji? Ku Russia, m'zaka za m'ma 1800 panali anthu otchedwa kuti nyumba zachangu. Angathenso kutchedwa chitsanzo cha chithandizo chapakhomo. Nyumbazi zinakhazikitsidwa ndi Bambo John Sergiev ku Kronstadt. Lingaliro lake lenileni linali lingaliro lakuti nthawi zambiri chikondi chodziwika, chikondi chimapangitsa munthu kumusiya iye, chomulimbikitsa kuti agwire ntchito. "Nyumba" zinali malo omwe ntchito inali kuchitika katatu pa kamodzi. Pano iwo anali kuchita zachikondi, kuphunzitsa ndi kukulitsa ntchito ndi ntchito. Cha m'ma 1900. Ku UK kunali makampani othandiza. Iwo anali gwero la ndalama zowunikira anthu.

Kupititsa patsogolo malonda

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti chodabwitsa ichi chinawonetsedwa kale kwambiri kuposa ku Russia. Pali maphunziro angapo omwe amasonyeza zosiyana siyana zomwe zilipo komanso njira yothetsera malonda. Lingaliro lomwelo linayambitsidwa koyamba m'ma 60. Zaka za m'ma 2000 ku UK. Ndiye zizoloŵezi za ufulu wa anthu zimafalikira. Pazifukwa zowopsya zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso cha anthu onse zinali zofalitsidwa m'mabuku a Chingelezi. Ntchito yowonjezereka ya malingaliro ogulitsa malonda kuyambira m'maka 1970 ndi 1980. Izi zathandiza kuti anthu ambiri adziwe. Choncho, Gregory Diz adalongosola muzinthu zake kuti chifukwa cha kubuka kwa mabungwe ang'onoang'ono, mabungwe omwe sali opindulitsa omwe sagwiritsidwe nawo ntchito sagwiritsidwe bwino ntchito za mabungwe onse a boma. Apa tikuyenera kuzindikira kuti m'mayiko apamwamba omwe ali ndi nyumba zowonongeka bwino, mawonekedwe a bizinesi omwe akufunsayo ndi ofala kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, kuti pakhale kuyendetsa bwino malonda, ndikwanira kukhala ndi chidziwitso cha mabungwe omwe sali othandiza kwa munthu aliyense payekha.

Zenizeni

Zili zoonekeratu kuti mavuto amtundu wa anthu alipo mdziko lililonse. Zimayambitsidwa chifukwa cholephera kuthandizira zosowa za mamembala ake onse. Nkhani yokhudzana ndi malonda a zachuma ndi yokhudzana kwambiri ndi chiyanjano pakati pa chilungamo cha boma ndi momwe ndalama zimakhalira. Chotsatira chake, amasankha kulimbana ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi vuto lomwe liri losakondweretsa iye. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti mabungwe omwe alipo alipo ogwira ntchito mosayenera. M'malo mwake, iwo amatha kukwaniritsa zochitika zomwe zikupezeka, kusonyeza kuvomereza kwandale komwe kulipo. Nkhani yokhudzana ndi kugulitsa malonda enieni imakweza mpata wa maudindo kumalo apamwamba. Chifukwa chake, zimakhala zovuta kumvetsetsa za chilungamo.

Zolemba za mawu

Izi ziyenera kutchulidwa kuti anthu ena amakonda kumvetsetsa bwino momwe ntchito yopezera bizinesi ikuyendera ndikuyitanitsa makampani onse osakhala phindu. Mu ntchito yake, Diz amanenapo zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Choyamba, mlembi akuwonetsa kuti mfundo za "bizinesi" ndi "malonda" siziri chimodzimodzi. Amafa amafotokoza kusinthika kwa nthawi yotsiriza kuchokera ku MF. Nenani ndi Schumpeter. Iwo anali oyamba kufotokozera chikhalidwe chatsopano cha malonda. Komanso, Diz amatchula P. Drucker ndi G. Stevenson. Iwo amasonyeza kuti wolemba malonda weniweni ndi nkhani yokhala ndi maganizo ofuna kupeza mwayi. Mukutanthauzira uku, njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe mungathe kuziwonetsera sizingowonjezereka kupezeka kwa bizinesi yanu. Zinthu izi zimapangitsa kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mfundoyi kuthetsa mavuto akuluakulu a anthu. Diz akukonzekera kuganizira wochita malonda monga nkhani ndi ntchito yapadera. Pachifukwa ichi, ziyenera kukhala zofunikira komanso zomveka bwino. Mabungwe ang'onoang'ono amalonda, mabungwe omwe sali opindulitsa omwe amacheza ndi anthu amadziwa kuti sali cholinga, koma ngati njira yotha kukwaniritsa zofunikila.

Zizindikiro

Njira zomwe mabungwe ang'onoang'ono amalonda amakhazikitsidwa ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi Diz, ndi chiwonetsero chomwe chiwerengero chawo chiri choyenera komanso chovuta kuchikwaniritsa. Wolembayo amalola kuti zizindikiro zikhale zofanana. "Kusayenerera" kotereku sikuyenera kutanthauza kusagwirizana ndi maganizo osadziwika pa nkhaniyo ndi wogulitsa malonda. Akanafuna kukonzekera, malingana ndi zomwe mabungwe amalonda amachita ngati othandizira kusintha chifukwa chakuti:

1. Fotokozerani zofuna zanu kuti zikuthandizeni kuti mukwaniritse zomwe mukuchita.
2. Akhoza kuzindikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi watsopano kuthetsa mavuto.
3. Zaphatikizapo njira yopitilira kusintha, maphunziro, zatsopano.
4. Amachita molimbika, osaganizira zochepa zomwe zilipo kuti zikhale ndi chibwenzi.
5. Amasonyeza udindo waukulu kwa omvera omwe akutsatira komanso zotsatira zake.

Diz, monga anzake anzake, akutsindika kufunikira kwa chikhalidwe chodziwika cha ntchito za azinesi. Tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti zatsopano sizidzakhala nthawi zonse zachuma.

Thandizo la boma

Pakalipano, akuluakulu ambiri akukamba za kufunikira koonjezera malonda ndi zachuma. Izi ndi zomveka. Pambuyo pake, gawoli lachitetezo ndi cholinga chothetsera mavuto enieni omwe anthu akukhala nawo. Pulogalamu ya Ministry of Economic Development inayamba kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo owonetsera zachilengedwe. Cholinga cha mabomawa ndi kuyika makampani ogwira ntchito zapagulu, kuthandiza pakukhazikitsa bizinesi yawo, mapulogalamu oyendetsera ntchito. Ntchito zophunzitsira zosiyanasiyana zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimapangidwira anthu olumala, matebulo ozungulira ndi makonzedwe apangidwa. Dipatimenti ya Industrial Policy, Science ndi Entrepreneurship ya Moscow inasonyeza kuti ndi wokonzeka kuthandiza patsogolo ntchito.

Chiwerengero chowonjezeka

Wogulitsa malonda ndi wokonzeka kugwira ntchito pamphepete mwa kutaya ndi phindu, kuchita malinga ngati chilakolako chothetsa vutolo chimamulola iye. Bungwe lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachizolowezi, pochitika zowonongeka, limatseka. Wochita malonda, mosiyana ndi iye, adzamenyana mpaka mapeto. Monga momwe zochitika za dziko zikusonyezera, njira zochitira bizinesi kusintha nthawi. Ochita zachuma ochulukirapo amadziwa kuti nkofunika kuti apindule pokhapokha, komanso kuthetsa mavuto a anthu. Posachedwa, chiwerengero cha mabanki omwe akugulitsa ndalama akugwiritsira ntchito ntchito zazikulu zachuma chawonjezeka kwambiri. Makhalidwe apadera apangidwa chifukwa chaichi. Lero pali mabungwe, kusinthanitsa, maonekedwe ndi machitidwe a makampani omwe amachita malonda. Lamulo lotsogolera ntchitoyi ku Russia silinapezeke. Komabe, pamsinkhu wa ministerial, malamulo otsogolera magawo ena a ntchito za makampani amenewa amavomerezedwa. Kuphatikizanso, zikalata zalamulo zimayambidwanso pa chigawo cha chigawo.

William Drayton

Munthu uyu ndi amene amapanga bungwe lopanda phindu "Ashoka". Drayton anadza ku bizinesi la US ndi kusintha kwa machitidwe ndi maganizo. Iye analimbikitsa mwakhama mfundo zachilengedwe zomwe sizinali zotchuka panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Reagan. Panthawiyi, Ashoka amagwira ntchito m'mayiko oposa 60 padziko lonse lapansi, akuthandiza anthu oposa 1800 pantchito yogulitsa malonda, kusamalira anthu. Pa nthawi ya maziko ake (mu 1980), likulu loyamba la malonda linali madola 50,000. Mu 2006, ndalamazo zinawonjezeka kufika pa $ 30 miliyoni. "Ashoka" imapereka uphungu komanso ndalama zothandizira ogulitsa amalonda, kumapanga midzi yopititsa patsogolo, kumathandiza kupanga zofunikira zogulitsa ntchito zatsopano.

Michael Young

Munthu uyu sanangopanga makampani ogwirira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Michael Young ankachita nawo mwakhama mapulogalamu a maphunziro. Chifukwa chake, panali College of Entrepreneurship (Social), University of the Millennium 3, Institute for the Study of Communities ndi mabungwe ena ambiri. Mmodzi wa mapulofesa a Harvard amatchedwa Yang, yemwe ndi bwana wamalonda wopambana kwambiri payekha. Chifukwa cha ntchito zake, malingaliro ambiri otetezera ogulitsa adakwaniritsidwa. Achinyamata anawonekera ndipo analemba mabuku. Lingaliro lalikulu la ntchito zake linali lingaliro loyesa anthu osati maphunziro, umoyo, malingaliro, ntchito, koma ndi mlingo wa kukhulupirika kwawo, kuthekera kumvetsetsa, kusonyeza kukoma mtima ndi mowolowa manja.

Zochitika zamakono

Pakalipano, makampani ogulitsa akugwira nawo ntchito zowonongeka. Pa nthawi yomweyi, zachilendo kwa mabungwe onse ndizofuna kukhazikitsa njira zatsopano zogwirira ntchito. Pali chiwerengero chowonjezeka pa ntchito ya malonda a anthu pa gawo la maphunziro. Mu Harvard Business School mu 1989 mwambo wapadera unatsegulidwa. Maphunzirowa amapita mwachindunji pulogalamu yamalonda. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, sukulu zamakampani zamalonda ku America zayamba kuwonjezera maphunziro ena mu maphunziro awo. Mu 2004, pafupifupi kotala la ophunzila a Stanford anali ndi digiri yochulukitsa malonda. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2100, makampani akuluakulu ambiri anatsegulidwa. Zina mwa izo:

1. Bank "Gremin" (Bangladesh). Woyambitsa wake ndi Muhammad Yunus. Mu 2006 adalandira mphoto ya Nobel Peace. Bungwe limapereka chithandizo chachuma kwa nzika za gulu la osauka. Kampaniyi imathandiza osati kuthana ndi umphawi, komanso kukhazikitsa bizinesi yake.
2. Aigupto ogwira ntchito "Sekem". Ndi kampani yosiyanasiyana yomwe inayamba ntchito yake ndi kuchepa kwa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'minda ya thonje. Patapita nthawi, chipatala, sukulu, yunivesite, malo akuluakulu a maphunziro akuluakulu anatsegulidwa pa maziko a malonda.
3. Chipatala cha ophthalmological "Aravind" (India). Kliniki imapereka chithandizo chapadera kwa nzika zosauka.
4. British fund UnLtd. Anakhazikitsidwa ndi mabungwe asanu ndi awiri osapindulitsa. Maziko amapereka ndalama kwa nzika ndipo amapereka chithandizo chamtundu uliwonse.

Makampani a ku Russia

Ku Russia, chofunika kwambiri chikhoza kutchedwa thandizo la thumba "Tsogolo Lathu". Anakhazikitsidwa ndi mwini nyumba ndi purezidenti wa LUKoil V. Alekperov. Maziko amapereka mauthenga, ndalama, ndikuthandizira kwa amalonda, kupanga mapikisano a pulojekiti, kuwonetsa mphamvu za mabungwe othandizira pa zizindikiro zina. Kuwonjezera pa Tsogolo Lathu, tiyenera kuzindikira Mlimi Wachigawo ku Perm, dera la "Wokondwa Mwamtima", lomwe likugwira ntchito ku Women's Society ku Rybinsk, salon ya ogulitsa ogula ntchito ku Bulaznyi ku Tula, zida za ku Moscow, sayansi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu Yekaterinburg "Elfo", bungwe lapadera la "Care" ku Nizhny Novgorod, thumba la "Hope" ku St. Petersburg. Mu 2010, ntchito zachilengedwe za Ministry of Economic Development zinaphatikizapo lingaliro la "kugulitsa malonda". Chifukwa cha ichi, akuluakulu a dera anayamba kuyang'anitsitsa chisamaliro ichi. Maphunziro a maphunziro adayamba kukula kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mwa iwo, tingadziŵe sukulu ya Novosibirsk "Territory Development".

Kutsiliza

Vuto lachitukuko, zomwe zochita za wogulitsa malonda zimatsogoleredwa, ndizoyambira pa bizinesi yake. Ngati palibe vuto lenileni lofuna kulowerera, ndiye kuti sipadzakhala ntchito yapadera. Padzakhala ntchito yamba ndi zolinga zachikhalidwe. Kuchita malonda ndizochita ntchito zapadera ndi gawo la bizinesi. Pano, ndalama si cholinga, koma njira zothetsera mavuto, komanso kukhalabe odziimira nthawi zonse. Kuchokera m'mbiri ya dziko lapansi, kugulitsa malonda kumatengedwa kuti ndi chinthu chachichepere. Kunja kwina, kulipo zaka zoposa 30, komanso ku Russia - pafupifupi 10. Komabe, ngakhale izi, mabungwe ogulitsa anthu masiku ano akugwirizana ndi chikondi, zopanda phindu, ndondomeko. Pazigawo za boma zojambula zochitika zowonongeka zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, momwe momwe kugwirizanirana kwa mabungwe ogwirira ntchito kuthetsera mavuto a anthu ndi nzika ndi mabungwe a boma kudzanenedwa bwino. Masiku ano, kugulitsa malonda kumakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo a bizinesi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, makampani nthawi zonse amapereka njira zatsopano zogwirira ntchito. Mosakayikira, gawo lino liyenera kuwonjezeka.