Nzeru mankhwala: luso ndi gulu

Zinthu zamakono monga mavuto yofunika kwambiri chifukwa kuwonjezera dzuwa amakampani mokomera luso. zinthu zina yodziwika ndi nkhawa ndi mphamvu, ndi chitukuko kampani nthawi zonse limodzi ndi chiopsezo. Pakali pano, kukana luso la angachotsedwe mavuto aakulu kwambiri negative.

Kufunika kwa funso

Dziko mabungwe waukulu mu ntchito yake ndi cholinga chapadera pa katundu nzeru ndiponso sayansi. Komabe, iwo zochokera chakuti luso - chodabwitsa ndi mosalephera. kasamalidwe awo ndi chingatithandize kukhala mkulu mlingo wa chidacho. Kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndondomeko luso akuganizira kulephera kampani kuti azolowere zinthu zina ndipo nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa bankirapuse.

Limatchula za makampani

Kukonza mankhwala nzeru ndi ya ntchito kugwirizana ndi kubweretsa sayansi ndi luso kapangidwe ndi zotsatira zake, abwino ntchito mchitidwe. ntchito imeneyi ikuphatikizapo kapangidwe ndi zomangamanga ntchito kafukufuku, ndondomeko komanso chitukuko. Chomaliza ndi oyamba a zotsatira za ntchito pa misika mankhwala nzeru.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Science, mu chimango zomwe kafukufuku amene amadza chifukwa cha luso pa ntchito kwa anthu ndi chitukuko cha chuma, anaonekera mu m'ma 20. Ntchito yoyamba pa nkhani zimenezi afalitsidwa Kondratiev ndi Schumpeter. katundu ndi ntchito zamanja akhala kwambiri kufunika mu 40 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Ngakhale panali kufunika kufotokoza mfundo kukula mofulumira chuma cha mayiko ena popanda ndalama kwambiri likulu ndi ntchito. Mkati chilango lidatsirizika akufunazo kuti sayansi ndi luso zikuchitika ndi chilengedwe cha zaluso nthawi zonse limodzi ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko.

ulamuliro kulunjika

Nkhani zokhudza Kukwezeleza mankhwala kuthetsa kasamalidwe luso. Ndi mfundo kwa, maonekedwe ndi njira kasamalidwe ntchito mabizinezi ili gawo ndi ndodo zawo. kasamalidwe zochitika nthawi zonse poyamba. Ichi ndi chifukwa kufunika kukula kwa mankhwala nzeru kuti nawonso, kumapangitsa ntchito pa chilengedwe chonse.

mbali

Mankhwala luso angagwiritsidwe ntchito dera, kapena chilengedwe. Lusoli kutikonza ntchito mkati (mwa bungwe) kapena kuchita monga kugulitsa chinthu. Mankhwala luso umaoneka makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito yolenga. Tisonyeza zimenezo mwa nkhani inayake, luso, njira ndi zina zotero. Luso An umatchedwanso ndondomeko powapatsa zinthu, zigawo zikuluzikulu mfundo njira, njira m'malo amene alipo.

mbali Ofunika

Aliyense mankhwala nzeru zikuoneka ngati chinthu. Kwa iye, anapereka zawo phindu ntchito, pamaziko a sayansi ndi zamakono. The chitukuko cha mankhwala nzeru umalimbana kukumana zofuna chikhalidwe ndi mkulu mlingo wa ubwino. Pano pali mbali yaikulu osati luso ndi ogula makhalidwe. Nzeru zatsopano - izi ndi zotsatira za ntchito anthu ozindikira. Choncho, amagawana chigawo aluntha ndi mokwanira lalikulu. Zochita pamakhala vuto la potaya tanthauzo la zotsatira za ntchito nzeru, komanso kuteteza kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa oipa.

nuance

The mankhwala nzeru kulekanitsidwa kwa chidali chifuniro cha. Yotsirizira komanso amachita chifukwa cha ntchito yonse yolenga ndi ozindikira. Komabe, mu nthawi zambiri zikhale zosachitika. Kutulukira The ziwoneka ngati mankhwala nzeru kokha pamene anafuna ndi ogula. Zotsatira za ntchito aluntha azibweretsa zenizeni opindulitsa. Luso mwachindunji lolunjika pa kupeza phindu kudzera ena kusintha mankhwala, zipangizo zamakono, umoyo ndi zachuma kapena njira kasamalidwe.

Gawo

Zochita akatswiri ndi magulu awa a luso:

1. Luso. Iwo akuyimira zatsopano ndi njira yopanga.
2. M'mabungwe ndiponso oyang'anira. Zikuphatikizapo njira yatsopano ku bungwe ndi makonzedwe.
3. Social. Iwo mitundu ya zolimbikitsa, maphunziro, ntchito yophunzitsa.

umisiri ndi mndandanda wa zida, ntchito, njira, ndi amene anatembenuzidwa zinthu kupanga ukubwera akukumana. Limafotokoza zipangizo, makina, zipangizo, luso lomwe.

misinkhu

Zachilendo mankhwala ndi mndandanda wa katundu amene amasonyeza kusintha mu chinthu. Iwo akhoza kukhalapo pa mlingo wa:

1. Ntchito.
2. Makamaka msika.
3. Padziko lonse.

Ku maganizo a Mlengi, mankhwala luso losiyana pamlingo winawake zachilendo, kumene munthu amasonyeza mwa kampani okonzekera zotsatira. motere tingasonyezere kuchepetsa ndalama, ntchito zipangizo, zipangizo, njira yokonza yopanga ndi malonda. i Magwiridwe pa nthawi yomweyo akhoza kupindula bwino, kuchuluka malonda buku kutsogolera ntchitoyi. Kuchokera kaonedwe ka wogula / wosuta, mlingo wa zachilendo ndi mphamvu ya ntchito ndi mankhwala nzeru yafotokozedwera mwayi zosowa latsopano kapena zosowa za anthu akale m'njira yatsopano. Kuti ogula, mankhwala akhoza kukhala ena sankadziwika luso zothetsera. Komabe, kukhala latsopano.

determinants

Digiri ya luso ali kugwirizana ndi mlingo wa nkhani chiopsezo ndi kasamalidwe ndi zinthu zimene zingathe kuthetsedwa ndi kukhazikitsa zovuta kwa njira pa chilengedwe cha mankhwala nzeru. Akatswiri apeza zinthu zotsatirazi zimene zimakhudza kuti:

1. Zochokera maganizo ndi kuchuluka kwa azimayi kwa R & D.
2. Marketing ndalama.
3. The koyefishienti wa zosintha Os.
4. Mlingo wa kubwerera.
5. Voliyumu ya malonda.

Impact pa khalidwe ogula

mankhwala nzeru silingakhoze kokha zosowa alipo komanso kulenga zofuna latsopano. The osachepera zosokoneza yaikulu chito yabwino ya makhalidwe ndi mankhwala akutsanza. Iwo ndi chitsanzo kusinthidwa kwa katundu amene analipo. Mu ena classifications wa katundu wotereyu limanenedwa ngati luso mosalekeza. Iwo kubweretsa ndithu phindu wabwino, chifukwa sikutanthauza mtengo kwambiri ndiponso khama kulongosolerana ogula katundu zothandiza. Palinso luso pompopompo mosalekeza. Monga ulamuliro, iwo sasintha dongosolo maziko a makhalidwe a anthu amene kugula ndi ntchito. Komabe, iwo akhoza kukhala ukasintha wosiyana mankhwala alipo.

Ndalama komanso ndi discontinuous luso - zinthu yatsopano kuona kusintha dongosolo alipo khalidwe. Amaonedwa monga maziko, umisiri ofunika. Chifukwa cha ntchito yawo ndi mapangidwe mafakitale watsopano, zinthu m'badwo. American kafukufuku Mensch, chinapezeka kuti umisiri yoyipa ngati chidwi anthu, kuonekera mu nthawi ya kusowa chuma. nkhani yolembedwa Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zikamera wa zaluso yaikulu zaka 1935-1945, komanso mu 1970

Mu gawo maganizo zinthu kupulumuka ndi zosowa za dongosolo la pansi kusintha ndithu. Mu nthawi imeneyi luso kale amakhala opanda ntchito. Zimenezi, amakakamiza kufunafuna njira zatsopano. Mu gawo maganizo a kugwiritsa ntchito luso lofunika wobwezera mwayi chabe kuti kopindulitsa ndalama ndi kuthetsa mavuto.

I chifukwa High-Chatekinoloje

Anthu masiku ano zachokera yoweyula wachisanu. maziko ake anakhala zomwe atsopano m'munda wa kutumiza mauthenga ndi informatics. Mkulu umisiri olakwika kupanga khalidwe konsekonse, lalikulu kudziwa-tima. Komanso, ali:

1. Kuchokera pa zoyambitsidwa zazikulu ndi asayansi atulukira.
2. Kuchepetsa imfa ya ulimi mu magawo wapakatikati a kuzungulira sayansi.
3. Ndi pazipita Mgwirizano chigawo.
4. Wophatikizidwa ndi zipangizo zina zamakono.
5. Zimafuna osachepera chuma, katundu, ntchito ndi mphamvu.
6. Osiyana zachilengedwe ubwanawe.

umisiri wamakono kwambiri za makamaka pa wosangalala zofuna munthu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, amatsimikiza mbali ndi zachuma katundu nzeru.

Pomaliza

Nzeru mankhwala, ufulu umene anapereka monga mbali ya msika kuwombola ndi zinthu wamba mtengo wa ogula lililonse kwa mankhwala azitsamba. Pamodzi ndi ichi, ali ndi kusiyana kwambiri kwa magulu yapita ndipo alipo mankhwala. Mu malo oyamba iwo amaoneka mu pamlingo winawake zachilendo. kukhalapo kwake amalola wosuta kuchotsa phindu lina ku ntchito. Lotha umodzi msika katundu angachititse kuti m'misika zina ndi kukhala latsopano kwa nthawi winawake wa nthawi.

Masiku ano, pali mabungwe, ntchito yaikulu umalimbana chitukuko cha umisiri sankadziwika ndi njira yopanga. ntchito yawo limodzi ndi kusanthula mwakuya za ogula malonda, kuneneratu za kufunika.