Amoniya madzi: kupeza, chilinganizo ntchito

Colorless mpweya ndi fungo lakuthwa, amoniya NH ₃ si mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi ndi zamoyo wa kutentha. Yogwira mankhwala amachitira ndi mamolekyulu wa H ₂ O kupanga soda ofooka. Yankho walandira maina angapo, mmodzi wa iwo - madzi ammonia. Pawiri ali katundu zodabwitsa zomwe zili m'kati mwa mapangidwe, zikuchokera ndi zochita mankhwala.

ion ammonium mapangidwe

Chilinganizo amoniya madzi - NH ₄ HA. The zikuchokera nkhani alipo cation NH _{4 ^+,} amene anapanga nonmetals - asafe ndi wa hydrogen. N maatomu mu molekyulu amoniya ntchito kupanga kulumikizana covalent wa kumalo ozizira okha 3 kuchokera 5 ma elekitironi lakunja ndi awiri munthu akhalabe sinadzatengedwe ndi achibale. The kwambiri magetsi madzi molekyulu mapulotoni wa hydrogen H ⁺ mwachisawawa, womangidwa pamodzi ndi mpweya, mmodzi wa iwo akukhala mwiniwake yekhayo awiri elekitironi wa asafe (acceptor).

Kupangidwa ndi ion ammonium ndi mlandu abwino ndi mtundu wapadera wa ofooka covalent chomangira - mwiniwake-acceptor. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, mtengo, ndi zina zina akufanana cation potaziyamu ndi khalidwe ngati ndi zitsulo soda. Zachilendo mawu a pawiri mankhwala amachitira ndi zidulo kupanga salt ndi zofunika kwambiri zothandiza. Mayina, omwe amasonyeza makhalidwe ndi katundu wa nkhaniyi:

• madzi amoniya;
• hydroxide ammonium;
• amoniya hydrate;
• caustic ammonia.

kusamala

Care ayenera kumwedwa pamene ntchito ammonia ndi ena ofanana. Nkofunika kukumbukira:

1. Amoniya madzi ali chinthu chosangalatsa fungo. The mpweya akuthawira umasokoneza m'mphuno mucosal pamwamba pa diso, kuchititsa kukhosomola.
2. Pamene kasungidwe amoniya mu mbale mwachisawawa chatsekedwa, ampoules anamasulidwa ammonia.
3. Iwo akhoza wapezeka popanda zida okha ndi fungo ngakhale pang'ono mpweya mu njira ndi mpweya.
4. Chiŵerengero pakati mamolekyulu ndi cations zimasiyanasiyana pa pH osiyana mu njira.
5. Ndi mtengo wa za 7 amachepetsa ndende mpweya poizoni NH ₃ kuchuluka kuchuluka zochepa zoipa zamoyo cations NH ₄ ⁺

Kukonzekera hydroxide ammonium. thupi katundu

Pamene kusungunuka m'madzi, wa amoniya anapanga madzi ammonia. Chilinganizo cha thunthu - NH ₄ HA, koma kwenikweni ayoni onse alipo

NH ₄ ^+, HA ^-, mamolekyulu wa NH ₃ ndi H ₂ O. The ion kuwombola mankhwala anachita pakati ammonia ndi madzi, zimachitika mgwirizano. Dongosololi ungasonyezedwere ndi dera, pa zomwe mivi oppositely imatsogoleredwa amasonyeza reversibility wa chododometsa.

Pokonza zasayansi wa madzi amoniya ikuchitika zatsopano ndi mankhwala asafe munali. Pamene wothira madzi amoniya kupereka bwino colorless madzi. Pa mavuto mkulu wa solubility wa ukuwonjezeka mpweya. Madzi yaitali akutumiza kusungunuka mmenemo amoniya pa apamwamba kutentha. Zolinga mafakitale ndi ulimi padziko lonse mafakitale kupereka 25 peresenti mankhwala pamene kusungunuka ammonia. Yachiwiri njira amagwiritsa zimene a coke uvuni mpweya ndi madzi.

The katundu mankhwala hydroxide ammonium

Pamene tipezeni zakumwa awiri - amoniya madzi ndi hydrochloric acid - okutidwa ndi zibonga woyera utsi. Amakhala ndi tinthu wa mankhwala anachita - mankhwala enaake ammonium. Woterowo mankhwala oyaka monga acid amathiridwa, zimene chikuchitika mwachindunji mu mlengalenga.

Low-soda hydroxide ammonium mankhwala katundu:

1. thunthu reversibly dissociates mu madzi kupanga cation ammonium ndi ion hydroxide.
2. Pamaso pa NH ₄ ⁺ ion, ndi colorless njira phenolphthalein wonyika mu magenta mtundu monga alkalis.
3. Chemical neutralization ndi zotsatira asidi mapangidwe salt ammonium ndi mwa madzi: NH ₄ HA + HCl = NH ₄ CL + H ₂ O.
4. Amoniya madzi akulowa ion kuwombola anachita ndi salt chitsulo, omwe akufanana ndi m'munsi ofooka, potero kupanga madzi insoluble hydroxide: 2NH ₄ HA + CuCl ₂ = 2NH ₄ CL + Cu (o) ₂ (buluu _{precipitate).}

Amoniya madzi: ntchito kumabungwe osiyanasiyana chuma

Zachilendo mankhwala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, ulimi, mankhwala ndi malonda. Luso hydrate amoniya ntchito zaulimi koloko phulusa, utoto ndi mankhwala ena. Mu fetereza madzi lili asafe zomera mosavuta mawonekedwe zidyeke. thunthu akuti ndi yotsika mtengo ndi yabwino kwambiri kuti mupezeke chisanadze nthawi mbewu zonse.

Kwa kupanga madzi amoniya ankadya katatu zochepa ndalama kuposa pa nkhani olimba granular asafe feteleza. Pakuti yosungirako ndi mayendedwe a madzi ntchito akasinja hermetically chatsekedwa ndi chitsulo. Ena mitundu ya utoto ndi zida tsitsi oyeretsa pogwiritsa ntchito hydroxide ammonium. Aliyense kukonzekera mankhwala bungwe ndi ammonia - 10 peresenti amoniya njira.

Ammonium salt: katundu ndi kufunika othandiza

Zinthu zimene zakonzedwa mwa kuchita hydroxide ammonium ndi zidulo, ntchito pochita bizinesi. Salt kuwola ndinso pamene usavutike, kupasuka mu madzi, pansi hydrolysis. Iwo amalowa mu mankhwala anachita ndi alkalis ndi zinthu zina. Zofunika zothandiza mtengo anapeza chlorides, ku feteleza, sulfates, phosphates ndi carbonate ammonium.

Nkofunika kuti adzatsatira malamulo ndi kukhwimitsa chitetezo, ntchito ndi zinthu, amene wapangidwa ndi ion ammonium. Pamene kusungidwa mu malo ndi makampani malonda alimi minda ayenera kukhala mgwirizano wa mankhwala awa ndi alkalis ndi laimu. Ngati phukusi leakproof kuti muyambe mankhwala anachita ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mpweya poizoni. Aliyense amene ali ndi ntchito ndi madzi ammonia ndi salt zake, tiyenera kudziwa ndizosowa zimapangidwira. Zoletsedwa ndi malamulo a chitetezo cha zipangizo ntchito sizidzawapweteka anthu kapena chilengedwe.