Molekyulu wa hydrogen awiri, kapangidwe chilinganizo. ndi unyinji wa molekyulu wa hydrogen chiyani?

Pa nthawi tebulo nambala 1 ndi mchitidwe ambiri m'chilengedwe chonse - haidrojeni. yogawa zake kuchuluka ali pafupi ndi 75%. Otsika nkhani zake taonera zigawo mumlengalenga - 0,0001%. Pansi pa dzikoli lili 1% mwa kulemera kwa mafuta. Kuchuluka kwambiri kwake ananena mu madzi: 12%. Padziko lathuli, ndi wachitatu ambiri mankhwala amafotokozera.

Kufotokozera amafotokozera

A molekyulu wa hydrogen, amene ndiyo njira N-H kapena H2, kuvekedwa ndi katundu thupi ndi mankhwala.

Wa hydrogen ndi mpweya alibe palibe mtundu, palibe fungo. Malo a haidrojini mu Table 1 pomwepo chifukwa chakuti m'zochitika zosiyanasiyana, chinthu ichi kungaonekere monga zitsulo kapena ngati mpweya. Pa ake orbitals akunja elekitironi 1, amene angapereke wa hydrogen (katundu zitsulo) kapena kutenga lina (mpweya khalidwe).

The awiri a molekyulu wa hydrogen ndi wofanana 27 nm.

Awiri 1a ndi atomu wa hydrogen, ndi utali wozungulira - 0, 41 A.

katundu

The thupi zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:

1. Kuwira mfundo - 256 ° ^C.
2. Limatsogolera mfundo: -259,2 ^° C
3. mpweya misa (D) - 0.069.
4. Wa hydrogen ndi bwino sungunuka m'madzi.

The katundu mankhwala ali motere:

1. Nonpolar mamolekyulu mgwirizano particles ali ndi mphamvu ya 436 KJ / mol.
2. Matenthedwe dissociation kutentha ndi 2000 ° ^C.
3. Umakaphatikizana ndi:

• halogens;
• mpweya;
• sulfure;
• asafe;
• nitric okusayidi;
• zitsulo yogwira.

Chikhalidwe cha zinthu, wa hydrogen amapezeka onse mu mawonekedwe a chirengedwe ndipo mu mawonekedwe a isotopes protium, deuterium ndi tritium.

kapangidwe maselo

Molekyulu amafotokozera ali ndi dongosolo losavuta. The zikuchokera molekyulu wa hydrogen ukufanizidwa ndi maatomu awiri kuti converging kupanga sanali kumalo ozizira covalent akapolo, komanso wina awiri elekitironi. Kapangidwe ka atomu ndi 1 ndithu mlandu phata, kuzungulira chimene chimatichititsa wina zoipa mlandu elekitironi. elekitironi ili pa 1s yozungulira.

H - + H = 1e ion wa hydrogen ili ndi zabwino.

Mawuwa akusonyeza kuti haidrojeni ali magawo ofanana ndi mfundo za gulu 1 dongosolo nthawi yomwe ali soda zitsulo (lifiyamu, sodium, potaziyamu), amapereka elekitironi umodzi mu yozungulira akunja.

H + H = 1e ion wa hydrogen negative.

aone kuti pali Izi zikusonyeza kuti haidrojeni ndi tikuchita zinthu zofanana a Gulu 7, okhoza kulandira mpweya ndi ma elekitironi akusowa mu elekitironi ake mlingo akunja. mipweya zimenezo zimaphatikizapo: fluoro, chloro, bromo, etc ..

The zikuchokera molekyulu wa hydrogen ndi momveka anapereka hereinafter.

Mtunda pakati pa maatomu wa hydrogen ndi R = 0,74 A, pamene Uwerenge utali wozungulira yozungulira ndi 1,06 A. amakhudza akuya alipo mitambo elekitironi ndi cholimba, khola ubale wa hydrogen.

Atomu wa hydrogen ndi zofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe atomu. purotoni kukula nyukiliya 10,5 A, ndi awiri a atomu imodzi ndi 0,1 nm.

isotopes mamolekyulu ndi dongosolo lapadera. Protium atomiki phata tichipeza pulotoni imodzi yokha. Amaimira isotope: 1h.

Kapangidwe nyukiliya amaoneka ngati zovuta za purotoni ndi nyutironi (2H).

3H - tritium - mu dongosolo lake atomiki anapatsidwa ndi phata la 1 purotoni ndi neutrons awiri.

kulemera

Mu sayansi pali mitunduyi kuti kugwira ntchito zowerengetsa, umene uli wofanana ndi unyinji wa molekyulu wa hydrogen. Mokhudzana ndi mchitidwe wa chimatanthauza misa maselo ndi atomiki.

Molar misa molekyulu wa hydrogen kuchita masamu ndi chilinganizo ambiri:

M = m / N, kumene mamita - ndi unyinji wa zinthu, N - chiwerengero chawo.

misa atomiki wofanana 1.008 amu Choncho, kulemera wachibale wa molekyulu ndilo wofanana 1,008. Popeza molekyulu wa hydrogen tichipeza maatomu awiri, wachibale atomiki kulemera ndi 2.016 a. e. m. Kulemera kwa molekyulu wa hydrogen yafotokozedwera magalamu pa Mole (g / mol).

Mtengo wa mwachibadwa zikuchitika

Nkhani zofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe, imene imagwiritsidwa kuipidwa ndi wa hydrogen mu mpweya ndi madzi. Madzi - gwero la moyo, haidrojeni - ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri.

Ya 100% a mbali zonse mankhwala amapanga organismal sing'anga 1/10, kapena 10%, nkhani wa hydrogen. Kuwonjezera madzi, ndi akasamuka kapangidwe quaternary zomanga thupi, ndilo zotheka chifukwa mgwirizano wa hydrogen.

Mfundo mapolojekiti zidulo mkati komanso chikuchitika ndi zotsatira za maselo a hydrogen. The chomera selo H nawo mu ndondomeko ya photosynthesis, biosynthesis, mu kulanda mphamvu pa njira nembanemba.

ntchito

Makampani mankhwala a, haidrojeni ndi ambiri applicable. Iwo ananenanso mu kupanga mankhwala pulasitiki, sopo kupanga, komanso ammonia ndi menthol kupanga.

adzasowa chakudya: mu chiphunzitso cha mankhwala chakudya, haidrojeni anawonjezera monga chakudya zowonjezera E949. chigawo amenewa Tingaone pa ma CD a margarine, masamba mafuta. E949 zowonjezera adzaloledwa ndi adzasowa chakudya Akuluakulu a ku Russia.

Haidrojeni ina nawo makampani aeronautics, monga mankhwala ndi opepuka kuposa mpweya. Choncho, mu 30s Mu zaka zapitazo, mtundu wa balloons mpweya wodzazidwa ndi airships. Ngakhale mtengo wake otsika ndi chomasuka ntchito, wa hydrogen posapita nthawi analeka ntchito monga filler, monga milandu kuphulika ndege.

Lero, gasi ntchito monga mafuta ntchito makampani Azamlengalenga. Komabe, tanthauzo lake amaona njira injini m'galimoto galimotolo magalimoto, chifukwa zinthu pa kuyaka si zimatulutsa mu mlengalenga zosafunika zoipa, choncho ndi wochezeka.

Mbali yofunika kwambiri isotopes wa hydrogen kuwonekera zikuchokera mankhwala ambiri. Deuterium ntchito maphunziro pharmacological kudziwa khalidwe ndi zotsatira za mankhwala m'thupi. Tritium ntchito radiodiagnosis ngati chinthu liwulo zochita amuzolengedwa michere kagayidwe kachakudya. Wa hydrogen peroxide ndi membala, lomwe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.