Great naturalists amene anapanga dziko lonse kutsegula

naturalists Great anali asayansi otchuka omwe anaphunzira chikhalidwe cha mwachindunji zimavuta ndi izo. mawu amenewa akhoza kuwerenga, ngati inu muchigawane mu mbali ziwiri: "chikhalidwe" - ndi chikhalidwe ndi "mayeso" - onani.

Great naturalists: mndandanda

M'masayansi zachilengedwe nthawi imene kunali kofunika kufotokoza chikhalidwe ndi kuphunzira lonse, mwachitsanzo. E. kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso m'minda yosiyanasiyana ya sayansi monga zomera, sayansi ya zinyama, mineralogy, ndi naturalists woyamba padziko lonse. Iwo ayenera kutchula asayansi ndi kumuuza za mfundo zina zimene akanatha kupanga chidwi pamene panali mwayi ochepa ndi nzeru;

• Stiv Irvin (Australia).
• Terri Irwin (Australia).
• Alice Menfild (Australia).
• Jose Bonifacio de A Andrada E Silva (Brazil).
• Bartolomeu de A Gusmão (Brazil).
• Erik Pontoppidan (Denmark).
• Frederick Faber (Denmark).

naturalists Great anali mu France, Germany, Great Britain, Poland, Croatia, Switzerland ndiponso Russia, Pakati amadziwika Vyacheslav Pavlovich Kovrigo, dzina lake Aleksandr Fedorovich Kots ndi Mihail Vasilevich Lomonosov.

Wasayansi woyamba

Chidwi mu chikhalidwe cha munthu anaonekera kalelo, pamene anayamba kuganizira zimene chomera akhoza kudyedwa ndi zomwe sizikuyenda, mmene kusaka nyama ndi mmene zikhale iwo.

Mu Greece wakale, panali naturalists woyamba waukulu, kuphatikizapo Aristotle. Iye anali woyamba kuphunzira ndi kusunga chilengedwe ndipo anapanga pofuna dongosolo kudziwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo amakumana wasayansi anagwira zina zachidule kuti anathandiza pofufuza. Icho chinali choyamba phindu sayansi, limene kwa nthawi yaitali ntchito pa phunziroli.

Pa moyo wa Aristotle analenga Zoo lalikulu, ndiponso kumuthandiza anthu zikwi zingapo, kuphatikizapo asodzi, abusa, alenje, kumene aliyense anali ndi mbiri kwa mbuye m'munda wake anapatsidwa.

Pamaziko a anasonkhana mudziwe wasayansi analemba mabuku oposa 50, pamene zamoyo anawagawa losavuta, amene anaima pa mlingo wotsikitsitsa chitukuko, komanso amadziŵika ndi zina zamoyo zimene zovuta. Iye ananena kuti ndi gulu la ziweto kuti lero amatchedwa Arthropoda, kuphatikizapo tizilombo ndiponso nkhanu.

The zachilengedwe kwambiri Carl Linnaeus

Pang'onopang'ono anapeza nzeru, nyama ndi zomera anali kupereka maina, koma m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, anthu apasa madzina awo, kuchititsa chisokonezo. Zinali zovuta kwambiri kwa asayansi kugawana akudziwa, chifukwa yovuta kumvetsa zimene kapena amene ali. dongosolo Aristotle, amene anali ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, zinatha ntchito ndipo sanalinso zogwirizana, pamene anatsegula dziko latsopano.

Woyamba kuzindikira kuti nthawi yafika kukhazikitsa bata, anali Swedish wasayansi Karl Linney, amene achita ntchito kwambiri m'zaka 17.

Iye anapereka dzina la mitundu, ndi Latin, kuti aliyense angathe kumva m'mayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse. Komanso, zamoyo anagawidwa m'magulu ndipo gulu ndipo ndiri ndi dzina awiri (subspecies). Mwachitsanzo, birch ali dzina anawonjezera monga ploskolistnaya ndi nyenyezi yaing'ono chimbalangondo zofiirira ndi woyera.

dongosolo Linnaeus 'ntchito mpaka pano, ngakhale panthawi zosiyanasiyana, izo kusinthidwa wodzilemekeza ndiponso, koma pachimake pa dongosolo akanali yemweyo.

Charles Darwin

M'zaka za m'ma 19 mu England, kunyumba ya wasayansi wotchuka Charles Darwin, amene anathandiza kuti chitukuko cha sayansi ndi kukhazikika maganizo akewo za chiyambi cha dziko, amene amadziwika kuti aliyense wa sukulu.

Ambiri a naturalists lalikulu unachitikira mabaibulo Darwin, imene inali chakuti zamoyo kusintha pa nthawi, kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zina zamoyo. Koma si wina aliyense akhoza kusintha ndi kupulumuka kwa Zamphamvu, amenenso angathe kuti afotokozere ana makhalidwe awo abwino tinatengera.

asayansi Russian

Kwa zaka zambiri, naturalists lalikulu anali mu Russia, ndi anthu ambiri sadziwa nyota awo ndi kutulukira.

Zachibadwa Nikolai Vavilov anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuphunzira zomera nakulitsa. Iye anasonkhanitsa zosonkhanitsira yaikulu mbewu, amene ali pafupi 250,000 zitsanzo, kuona malo awo a chiyambi, ndipo anayamba chiphunzitso cha mbewu chitetezo chokwanira.

Great chopereka kwa munda wa immunology wapanga Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, kuphunzira thupi ndi momwe anachitira pomenyana ndi mavairasi osiyana. ntchito unadzipereka kuphunzira kolera, tayifodi, TB ndi chindoko, akufuna kumvetsa chiyambi ndi kupeza njira nkhondo. Iye chongopeka anachititsa chindoko ku anyani ndipo analongosola m'mabuku ake. Only chifukwa cha kuphunzira awa akhoza zimachitika m'gulu la "Asayansi kwambiri." Biology wakhala sayansi yaikulu: analenga zamoyo za chiyambi cha zamoyo multicellular, kumene kuswana ali odzipereka nthawi zambiri kuphunzira ukalamba, ndipo ankaona kuti ukalamba akubwera molawirira kwambiri chifukwa chololera poyizoni wa chamoyo tizilomboto osiyana ndi poizoni.