Leonard Peltier: yonena ndi chithunzi

Peltier Leonard - amadziwika chithunzi anthu, dzina lake chikugwirizana ndi kulimbana kwa American Indians ufulu wawo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mmodzi wa kumenyana mphamvu ndi anthu zakwawoko of America, munthu uyu anali mu ndende, mpaka lero pafupifupi zaka makumi anai. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti iye anaweruzidwa mopanda chilungamo. Leonard Peltier - mwina wotchuka kwambiri, odziwika ndi kulemekezedwa Indian modernity.

kovuta ubwana

Tsogolo chithunzi onse, anabadwa pa akhumi wa September 1944 m'banja la Amwenye za thupi mafuko ndi anishinabe Dakota. adzabadwira anthu dzina la Peltier Leonard - North Dakota (kusungitsa Kamba Mauntan).

ubwana Leonard zinali zovuta. umphawi banja, ndipo, pamene izo zimachitikira, kuchepa kwa ndalama aakulu m'mavuto aakulu amapha. mayi a Calvin, kuti apange mkate, anatumikira mu hule. Bambo, amene sanathe ndalama zokwanira kupereka banja lake, sindikanakhoza kupirira ndipo ndinayamba kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, makolo analekana ndi achinyamata Peltier anatumizidwa ku dziko la sukulu Indian zogona "Vahpeton" kumene chilango chowawa kwambiri analamulira.

Nditamaliza sukulu, Leonard Peltier anabwerera Kamba Mauntan ndipo amakhala ndi bambo ake. Chirichonse chimene chimachitika pa malo a, ndicho okhwima apolisi boma ndi kuyesa adzapulumuke mbadwa za ku America kunja kwa mzinda, sindimakonda kukonda dziko lako mnyamata ndi ankatha chilungamo. Kwa nthawi yaitali iye sakanakhoza kukhala pomwepo.

ntchito panja

Mu 1970, twente-sikisi Peltier Leonard akulowa kayendedwe la American Indians ndipo amatenga nawo mbali mu zochita zosiyanasiyana kuukira.

Mwachitsanzo, iye pamodzi ndi anthu ena cholinga (American Indian Movement), wopereka "adani" wa Adi (Agency kwa Indian Affairs), nawo kanthu lotchedwa "Njira kuswa pangano", "kutenga" Fort Lawton ndi T. D. chabe membala wamba a gululi lakhala anakwanitsa kukhala mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri anthu ake kwa zaka zingapo. Mosaopa, kusafuna kunyengerera ndi chikumbumtima chake ndi mdani, kudzipereka ndi kulimbikira anapanga Peltier wotchuka. Koma sanali chimwemwe, chifukwa mosatsata chinthu chamtengo wapatali munthu angathe kukhala - ufulu.

Chochitika chimene chinasintha moyo

Mu June 1975 panali chochitika, gawani moyo wa mnyamata Indian womenyera ufulu pa "pamaso" ndi "pambuyo." backstory ndi uwu: pambuyo chiwembu kuti kusesa Pine Ridge Chosungitsa mu 1973, yotsirizira anali mu nkhani yapadera apolisi. Pofuna kuchepetsa Amwenye a fuko Oglala Dakota, FBI Guide ngakhale kuti alonda awiri, amene ntchito yawo ndi kutsatira khwerero la zigawenga tingathere ndi lipoti "mpaka" pa chilichonse.

Gawo limeneli, sizinali chabe, ndipo mamembala a cholinga. Anamanga msasa pafupi ndi mudzi pofuna kuteteza zamalowo m'manja a boma. Tikhoza kunena kuti pa nthawi Pine Ridge chinali chimake cha ntchito zake, pakati pa amene anali Leonard Peltier.

Pakati pa apolisi ndi anthu a m'mudzi ndiyeno panali kusiyana. The zipolowe, zomwe zinachitika makumi awiri ndi chimodzi cha June 1975, anamaliza mwachisoni Ambiri a gulu ...

Pa tsiku ili, awiri FBI wothandizila anathyola mu munda Jumping ng'ombe amangidwe Indian amaganiziridwa monyanyira. gulu Alert DAI kulepheretsa. Chowomberedwa ndi mfuti, zomwe zinachititsa FBI, nkhosa anaphedwa. Motero komanso ndalama miyoyo ya Amwenye mwana kuti sakwanitsa. Kupha Sitefano wothandizila ndi mlandu Peltier ndi mwa anzake atatu. Posakhalitsa, ndi mlandu yachiwiriyi waponya, ndi Leonard atatsamira pa mothamanga.

ntchito Chilango

Pambuyo zimene zinachitika tsiku la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi cha June, FBI anayambitsa nkhanza Chilango ntchito ndi Amwenye a Pine Ridge. zochita zawo ndi maso a ogwira ntchito yotumikira anthu chimalimbikitsa mfundo zabodza zokhudza zimene anzawo anali kuzunzidwa, koma kupha unali nkhanza asanafe. Pamaso chabe nthumwi thupi anali kwenikweni litadzala ndi zipolopolo (ngakhale Ndipotu aliyense analandira mabala atatu).

Anthu malire mantha chida champhamvu, nthaŵi zonse pansi anawazunza ndipo m'ndende ku nkhani anakana kupereka umboni wonama kuzunzidwa thupi ndi kuthamanga maganizo.

Zikuoneka kuti umboni wa mnyamata Native American Myrtle ndi Leonard Peltier anali analandira mwa njira imeneyi. Iye ananena kuti anali mnzanu wapamtima womenyera ufulu pano pa kuphedwa kwa nthumwi zawo.

kufufuza

Choncho, pamaziko a onyenga umboni wonama mkwatibwi Peltier Leonard - ndi womenyera ufulu wa American Indian Movement, iye yokhala mlandu kupha wa FBI Jack Koulera ndi Ronald Williams wothandizira. Pa nthawi imeneyo, woukira anali kale kutali kuchokera kunyumba - mu Canada, ndi mphamvu kwambiri anafuna States. Mpaka kumangidwa kwa dzina womenyera ufulu banja pa mndandanda wa khumi zigawenga ambiri ankafuna wa United States of America.

Nthawiyi, kufufuza anali kupita. Malinga ndi zotsatira zinaoneka kuti FBI anali woyamba anavulazidwa ndipo kenako anamuombera pa mfundo zosiyanasiyana kanthu. Ndipo anapanga mpirawo komaliza, malinga Ofufuza, ndi Leonard Peltier, chithunzi omwe anapachika mizati onse.

Kumangidwa, kuzengedwa mlandu ndi kupezrkha

Pamene oimbidwa ena awiri ngati anali anandipeza kuti ndilibe mlandu - Indians Butler ndi Robidoux, - kusakasaka awo amathawathawa anzake wabweza nkhanza wapadera. Ndipo kumapeto Peltier Leonard, amene mbiri inayamba mu North Dakota, anapezeka ndi anamangidwa pafupifupi zikwi ziwiri makilomita kuchokera kunyumba - m'tauni ya Hinton (Canada). Iye anamangidwa ndipo anaikidwa kwayekha m'ndende Canada m'ndende, ndipo kenako kusamutsidwa kwawo.

Iyambe nthawi imene ali mlandu wakupha awiri zinachitika m'tawuni ya Fargo North Dakota. Pa tsiku loyamba la chilimwe 1977 Peltier Leonard (American Indian Movement womenyera ufulu) anapezeka wolakwa pa mlandu ndipo anaweruzidwa kuti ziganizo moyo awiri (aliyense wothandizila) m'ndende. Mu US Kuthi mwalamulo nthawi zambiri zimakhala pali zochitika pamene anthu m'ndende kwa ziganizo angapo moyo kapena kupereka "zachilendo" nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, zana kapena zaka mazana awiri. Mtundu uwu wa ziganizo zikutanthauza kuti pambuyo pa imfa ya thupi mlandu munthu siyikuperekedwa kwa achibale ndi mtembo wake akhoza kusiya m'ndende pokhapokha "kuchoka" abereke. America ndi demokalase dziko kwambiri mu dziko, chimene satopa kukumbutsa dziko andale ake. Koma, n'zosadabwitsa m'dzikoli pali Chizolowezi nkhanza zomwe sitinganene kuti anthu.

Statement ndi Leonard Peltier

Ngakhale kukhala m'ndende Canada, Peltier anakadandaula ku khoti ya dziko lino ndi anthu padziko lonse ndi mawu mokweza. Iye anaitana mirandu Kuzipeka ndi choncho - ndale. Anthu mlandu boma US wa mwadongosolo mazunzo "akuda" anthu amene kwa zaka kumene kuli mayiko a America, ndipo kenako atulutsidwa ndi alendo woyera mu Chosungitsa lapansi. Koma ngakhale kuti dera zimene zinasiyidwa kwa Amwenye, malinga Peltier, udzachepetsedwa. anthu White ali ndi anthu zakwawoko a nkhondo yeniyeni, kuyesera kuti achotse dziko lawo, ufulu ndi moyo. The mtsinje umene Indians kumwa, kutsanulira Mercury zinyalala, m'madera otetezedwa ndi mwapang'ono, ndi anthu amene akuyesetsa kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ake, mphalapala awonongedwe kapena olekanitsidwa anthu.

Kumapeto kwa mawu ake, Leonard Peltier anapempha boma la Canada osati kukhala amathandiza zochita kuyan'anila za boma US ndi kumpatsa m'mene angatetezedwe ndale. Koma, tsoka, pempho lake sikunapatsidwa.

Misonkhano pothandizira Peltier

Patapita kanthawi mayesero ndi chigamulo zinaonekeratu kuti FBI sichimva Ofufuza ndi zofunika kwambiri. Ndicho ballistic Akatswiri amanena linati kuti zipolopolo yotengedwa matupi a wothandizila akufa si anamasulidwa mfuti Leonarda Peltiera. Ngakhale ndodo utumiki kenako anavomereza kuti sadziwa amene anapha anzawo.

kukayikira mlandu Peltier anapanga bungwe gulu "Amnesty International", zomwe si kuthetsa iye milandu mbali pa mikangano yotere kumene kunachitika tsiku la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi cha June, koma wakupha womenyera ufulu sanali kulengeseka.

Akutiakuti motetezera munthu mlandu anayamba kulankhula mabungwe padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo Soviet Union, lomwe mobwerezabwereza ikuchitika zochita kulimbikitsa womenya ufulu amwenye. Tsiku lililonse adawomba momveka kuposa mawu za nkhani Kuzipeka mbiri yake yandale. Ngakhale UN akumupempha kuti amasulidwe Leonard, koma American Themis onse ananyalanyaza.

Kuchonderera Woweruza Heaney

Komabe, ena oimira dongosolo milandu US akadali kuyesera kuti abwezeretse chilungamo. Choncho, mu 1991, Woweruza Heaney ananena kuti akuluakulu US anali analakwa. M'malo kusamala pochita zinthu ndi Amwenye, iwo anasonyeza nkhanza ndi kuthamanga, kuchititsa zionetsero yovomerezeka. Kotero, molingana ndi woweruza, boma la United States ayenera kugawana udindo kwa zipolowe ndi opandukawo. Ndipo mmodzi wa iwo - Peltier Leonard ayenera anamukhululukira. Mr Heaney anali kuyesera kutsimikizira anthu kuti amasulidwe mwamsanga wa womenyera ufulu idzakhala chinthu chofunikira cha chiyanjanitso cha mbali chikumenyana anthu American.

Pempho kwa Amnesty

Mwatsoka, ngakhale mawu a mabungwe oposa mazana asanu mu dziko, kapena mfundo Woweruza Heaney anali samvera. Izo zinali kokha mu 2009, msonkhano kumva Peltier parole Commission.

Malinga ndi malamulo US, mkaidi amene anatumikira kwa zaka makumi atatu ndipo sanachite zolakwa lalikulu ndi ufulu kupempha parole. Leonard Peltier wakhala m'ndende kuposa zaka makumi atatu, ndi ntchito ufulu wake.

Pa mlandu womenyera ufulu anapanga kulankhula nainte-yokha. Ambiri lalikulu mphamvu vouched kwa Peltier ndipo anamulonjeza thandizo mawu a nyumba ndi ntchito, ngati anamasulidwa.

khoti anakhalabe osayanjanitsika kachiwiri, kumbali ya Maloya ndi FSB. A womenya ufulu amwenye kuti tsiku limeneli kumbuyo mipiringidzo. Ndi mwayi wotsatira kupempha Amnesty iye adzaoneka yekha mu 2024. Koma ngati mkaidi adzakhala mpaka ku nthawi ino?

Activities m'ndende

Ngakhale kuti olekanitsidwa ndi anthu ena, Peltier akupitiriza kuchita zinthu zosangalatsa. mzimu wake wosweka ndi manja pansi. Zaka ukapolo womenya ufulu amwenye anayesa amathera usefully. Iye analemba bukhu mbiri "Prison Zolemba: Moyo Wanga - Dance wanga wa Dzuwa" imene inafalitsidwa mu 1999, ndipo wapanga zochita zina zambiri zofunika.

nthawi sikisi Peltier Leonard - amadziwika US womenyera ufulu - anali asankha kuti Nobel Peace Prize. Ndipo mu 2004, chaka munthu wapadera ngakhale anathamangira kwa pulezidenti wa United States, kusankha ngati nsanja ndale za "gulu la mtendere ndi ufulu."

Tanthauzo la munthu

Pulezidenti wa womenyera ufulu wa sanakhale, koma lero tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti Peltier Leonard - American ngwazi ndi imodzi mwa akaidi wotchuka ndale pano. Anthu zamakolo ya USA kuona Peltier wofera ndi mtetezi wake mngelo. Anthu ambiri amene alibe ubale kwa Amwenye, anayamikira bukhu, lolembedwa ndi Peltier ndi zojambula wake. Koma chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndi ulemu pa zonse - ndicho chitsulo mphamvu, mzimu ogwirizana ndi chikondi kwa anthu ake, kwa chimwemwe chimene Leonard Peltier amalimbana nawo ngakhale ali kundende.