Magawo ndi makalasi maukonde

Intaneti Modern Internet, zambiri zochokera 32-bit ndi IP-adiresi kuti idzafotokoza awiri - ndi ID maukonde ndi khamu. Kudziwa mbali ya adiresi ndi makamu, ndi chomwe chimayimira Intaneti, njira ziwiri yapangidwa. Tsopano utumiki wosamalira Internet ntchito njira Azikhala Mofanana yapakati-Domeni yolozera, zochokera kwa subnet chigoba. makalasi Network ali woyamba ndi njira inatha, yomwe inachokera pa ranges lapansi.

IP-adiresi ya chinthu chilichonse, kaya ndi makina kapena kompyuta zonse, amene kugwirizana ndi dzina Intaneti. Otembenuka dzina kuti adiresi zopezera ndi DNS utumiki wapadera, ndi azingochita mayina ankalamulira. "Machesi" pa Intaneti dzina Seva kokha malinga utumiki uwu. Resources maseva ngati ali basi zilipo kwa anthu, ndi kutenga mwayi pa Intaneti.

Popeza anachitira ndi IP-maadiresi kulabadira makalasi maukonde. Palimodzi pali asanu, ndipo aliyense ali ndi makhalidwe yake. Maphunziro A ntchito zolamulidwa Intaneti lonse. Mu izo, ndi Internet. Osiyanasiyana kalasi chochokera ziro kwa 127 ndipo imakhala Intaneti 126. A chimodzi-network lili mayunitsi oposa khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Kwenikweni maukonde dzina ali kokha woyamba Akamva eyiti, otsala 24 Tinthu ntchito maadiresi khamu.

Networks Maphunziro B tichipeza zowonetsera sing'anga-kakulidwe kuti kutenga adiresi osiyanasiyana ku mtengo wa 191. Apa, IP-adiresi lagawidwa yemweyo magawo 16-bit. gawo limodzi chimakwirira chizindikiritso nambala maukonde, pamene winayo akudikira asilikali. maukonde chimagwirizanitsa 65.534 mfundo. Monga ulamuliro, izo ntchito ku mayunivesite kapena makampani akuluakulu.

C makalasi kuthandiza gululi yaing'ono. Iwo amakhala osiyanasiyana mfundo mpaka 223. Mu chiwerengero maukonde ndi oyamba 24 Akamva ndi otsala 8-bit danga kupezeka kwa khamu. Ndi maukonde akhoza kumakhalamo mfundo 256 awiri amene akusungidwira IP-mailings. Ine ayenera kuwonjezera kuti maadiresi a makalasi atatu awa ali yogwirira yolozera ndi kumanga ya kum'mwera Intaneti mu maukonde lonse. N'chifukwa chake amatchedwa "kwenikweni" kapena "woyera".

Onse a makalasi maukonde simumasewera ngati mbali yofunika kwambiri. D-Intaneti ali mu uthunthu mpaka 239. Iwo alibe ntchito mwayi mfundo ndi ikuchitika adzakhala ukufalitsidwa multicast IP-mauthenga. Intaneti kalasi E komanso mulibe mfundo. uthunthu wawo akayamba mpaka 255, ndipo iwo ali experimental.

Mu makalasi onse pali zidutswa za maadiresi amene kugwilitsidwa nchito payekha. Iwo ntchito kokha basi Intaneti payekha m'deralo, kotero Internet maadiresi awa sali anagonjetsa ndipo amatchedwa "imvi" kapena "paokha." Kulowa LAN payekha ndi kuchoka mwa iwo, World Lonse Web ntchito NAT-rauta.

Kuyambira pamwamba ananena kuti makalasi maukonde ndi owerengeka IP-maadiresi ntchito iwo wovuta. Njira imeneyo inali njira imene chiwerengero cha mabayiti si, ndi subnet chigoba ntchito. Komabe, dongosolo wakale sanaiwale. Iwo anafotokoza mu mabuku ambiri ndi kalasi D ndi E maadiresi amagwiritsa ntchito mseri.