Mbali yaikulu ya sayansi, makhalidwe

anthu onse, kuyambira ndi banja kutsiriza ndi anthu onse, ali ndi chikumbumtima chikhalidwe. Ndipamene mtima zinamuchitikira, makhalidwe abwino, chipembedzo, ndi zina zotero. Koma, mosakayikira, mmodzi wa mitundu zofunika kwambiri ndi sayansi. Ndipamene latsopano chidziwitso anthu.

sayansi Kodi

Science - si kanthu koma maphunziro zovuta wauzimu zochokera angapo mbali kiyi. Lingaliro, zizindikiro ndi sayansi mbali zina chimatanthauza akamanena za sayansi. Kuchokera pa zinthu zofunika sayansi kuoneka ngati:

1. Dongosolo la chidziwitso. Mu mawu ena, monga ndondomeko kupeza zinthu zatsopano. Mbali imeneyi imaphatikizapo kuphunzira mothandizidwa ndi epistemology - chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso cha sayansi. Kutumikira monga maziko a nkhani ndi chinthu cha kudziwa zinthu. sayansi chifukwa cha kudziwa cholinga za dziko. Cholinga izo, chifukwa sikudalira boma la nkhaniyi.
2. A wapadera zinthu. Ndipotu, mankhwala chifukwa cha uzimu wa munthu, embodying chitukuko kulenga. Kuyambira mfundo imeneyi sayansi ndi mwa zinthu zofunika analenga munthu monga chipembedzo, zojambulajambula, malamulo, nzeru, ndi ena. Monga sayansi akufotokozera, ndi kuti likufa kusintha ndi zina chikhalidwe. Lamulo limeneli imathandizanso malangizo iwowo.
3. bungwe Social. Pankhaniyi tikulankhula za moyo wapoyera, imene sayansi amaona ngati zopezera mabungwe osiyanasiyana okhudzidwa. Zitsanzo za mabungwe oterowo ndi mayunivesite, malaibulale, academia ndi ena. Iwo akulankhula enaake ndi kugwira ntchito yoyenera malo ake ntchito. Choncho, sayansi - momveka bwino kusasintha bungwe amene cholinga chake ndi zofuna za anthu.

mbali zapadera sayansi

Pofuna kudziwa makhalidwe a sayansi, choyamba kofunika kudziwa akamanena za mfundo monga muyezo sayansi. Ambiri amaonedwa mu chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso. Kuphunzira kwenikweni zochokera chilakolako kufotokoza mbali epistemological a sayansi, anapatsidwa mikhalidwe yapadera poyerekeza ndi mankhwala ena a chidziwitso. Akatswiri akale ndaganiza chopeza zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa sayansi mwa ubale ndi mitundu monga malingaliro, bodza, mfundo, ndi ena. Mu ndondomeko asayansi chitukuko kuti anadziŵa zizindikiro wamba sayansi zimene zathandiza kumvetsa bwino mawuwa. Research analola kudziwa zisanu ndi ziwiri zazikulu.

• Chizindikiro choyamba cha sayansi ndi kukhulupirika ndiponso kugwirizana kwa sayansi, lomwe kusiyana Choonekera kuchokera kwa chikumbumtima wamba.
• The chachiwiri - ndi omasukirana, kapena mawu ena, chosakwanira sayansi, ndiko kuti, utochnyaemost ake ndi mapolojekiti m'kati zikamera mfundo yatsopano.
• Chachitatu - izo zikuphatikizapo kufuna kufotokoza zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi njira nawatsimikizira zogwirizana.
• Criticality poyerekezera ndi chidziwitso ndi chizindikiro wachinayi wa sayansi.
• Chachisanu - n'zotheka kubereka sayansi m'mikhalidwe loyenerera mwamtheradi kulikonse, kaya nthawi.
• Zizindikiro chimodzi ndi chiwiri wa sayansi - chosowa sayansi, malinga ndi khalidwe la sayansi ndi pamaso pa chinenero chawo, zipangizo, njira, motero.

General gulu la sayansi onse

Poyankha funso pa maziko anawagawira sayansi, B. M. Kedrov anapereka tanthauzo ambiri. Malinga ndi iye, sayansi onse akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi. kalasi yoyamba - ndi sayansi nzeru zaumunthu, monga logic ndi dialectics. The chachiwiri anatenga sayansi masamu, kuphatikizapo masamu ndi mfundo za masamu. Chachitatu - zochuluka kwambiri, chifukwa zikuphatikizapo ufulu luso ndi masoka sayansi, mndandanda wa zomwe

• zimango;
• zakuthambo;
• astrophysics;
• Physics (mankhwala ndi thupi);
• zimapangidwira;
• geochemistry;
• madera;
• nthaka;
• sayansi;
• Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa;
• zamoyo;
• Anthropology.

Ndi gulu lomaliza la Kedrov ndi sayansi chikhalidwe, amene anawagawa-siyana boma zitatu:

1. History, ethnography zinthu zakale.
2. Political chuma, luso, jurisprudence ndi mbiri ya luso.
3. Zilankhulo, maphunziro sayansi ndi kuwerenga maganizo.

Zizindikiro za sayansi yamakono ali m'magulu malinga ndi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Ambiri ndi mutu ndi njira ya nzeru imene anatsindika sayansi (zachilengedwe sayansi) ndi anthu (maphunziro chikhalidwe) ndi kuganiza (mfundo). Engineering anasankha. Komabe, aliyense wa magulu awa a sayansi akhoza zina anapatukana mu magulu boma.

Gulu la Sciences panyengo zosiyanasiyana mbiri

Kwa nthawi yoyamba funso makalasi kulekana sayansi mu masiku a Kale, Aristotle kuzithetsa. Iye anafotokoza magulu atatu akulu: yeniyeni, ongolankhula ndi kulenga. Roman lotanthauzira mawu Mark Vorron limanenedwa ngati mndandanda mwachidule gulu la sayansi kuti: dialectic, galamala, apamwamba, masamu, Masamu, music, nyenyezi, zomangamanga ndi mankhwala. Gulu la akatswiri Arab Muslim anali mophweka kwambiri ndiponso yomveka. Atachira osiyana sayansi - Arab ndi achilendo. Zoyambazo zikuphatikizapo oratory ndi poetics, wachiwiri - masamu, mankhwala ndi zakuthambo. Mu Middle Ages, asayansi ankafunanso kulikankhira Baibulo yake magawano. Hugh wa St. Victor, mu masomphenya ake, kuzindikiridwa magulu anayi osiyana a sayansi:

1. Ongolankhula - sayansi ndi masamu.
2. Othandiza.
3. Mawotchi - kusaka, ulimi, mankhwala, navigation, zisudzo.
4. Zomveka - galamala ndi apamwamba.

Poyankha, R. Bacon anayambitsa gulu zochokera luso chidziwitso. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo nkhani, kufotokoza mfundo, wachiwiri - pa sayansi ongolankhula, wachitatu - luso, ndakatulo ndi mabuku m'lingaliro wodziika. Rodzhen Bacon ankakhulupirira kuti sayansi ayenera wachinsinsi mu njira zinayi. Payokha akhale mfundo, galamala, chikhalidwe, metaphysics, mu kuima yekha wagawo - kuima masamu komanso nzeru achilengedwe. Masamu, mu maganizo ake, ndi sayansi zofunika kwambiri za chilengedwe.

Gulu la Sciences nyama

Kuyankhula za zizindikiro anawagawira sayansi nyama, akuyima Mbali ina yofunika - ndiwe wa mtundu makamaka. classifier A alekanitsa nyama inakhala ndi invertebrates. Peresenti kuphunzira sayansi zisanu zofunika: ornithology (mbalame), theriology (nyama), batrahologiya (achule), herpetology (zokwawa), ichthyology (nsomba). Pali nthawi zina pamene payokha allocated sayansi kuti amaphunzira anyani, koma nthawi zambiri zili m'gulu mammalogy, kuyambira ndi kwambiri wake anyani mwachilengedwe nyama. Invertebrates akhoza kugawidwa, malingana ndi zizindikiro anawagawira sayansi ya zinyama. Mogwirizana maphunziro protozoology, arthropods - artropodlogiya, akudziwa zonse za nkhono malacology ndi entomology akhoza kukuuzani zonse maonekedwe a moyo tizilombo. Koma pali sayansi kuti Chili onse a m'madera amenewa - zinyama kuti amaphunzira nyama zonse.

Semiotics ngati wina wa sayansi zofunika kwambiri

zovuta kuchiza matenda aliwonse pa siteji oyambirira. Pofuna kudziwa m'nthawi yake, m'pofunika mosamala kuwunika zizindikiro kuyambika. Semiotics, sayansi ya zizindikiro ndi kuwonekera kwa matenda, ndi wotanganidwa kwambiri ndi nkhaniyi. Zimatanthauza kuti ntchito zachipatala, amene pogwiritsa ntchito njira yakuthandizani Maphunziro a zizindikiro za matenda. The sayansi ya zizindikiro za matenda lagawidwa wamba ndi ena. Onse zikuphatikizapo makhalidwe ofotokoza ndi gulu wathunthu zizindikiro zonse, komanso njira ndi njira ya zikamera wa asilikali pathologies kukula. Zitsanzo zizindikiro amenewa ndi kutupa, alibe, alibe, ndi ena. semiotics General alinso mitundu symptomatic tanthauzo matenda:

• pathological;
• akulipira (kusonyeza kusintha organic ndi zinchito mu magawo a);
• pathognomonic;
• wamba.

Malinga ndi maonekedwe a zizindikiro za nthawi anawagawa oyambirira ndi mochedwa. Nawonso payekha semeiology kufotokoza amachita zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za mitundu ina ya matenda. chilango zachipatala akuyamba matenda mayesero kuphunzira semiotics wa mtundu. Palinso semiotics zochokera pathologies cholowa. Monga mbali ya malo kafukufuku anaphunzira matenda otengera, matenda awo ndi kudwala.

Pa dongosolo m'ndende

sayansi malamulo amatchedwa kachitidwe ka kudziwa za boma ndi malamulo, malamulo za mtundu wawo chitukuko ntchito. Zizindikiro za jurisprudence anawagawa m'magulu atatu. Malinga ndi kuitana anthu onse yoyamba sayansi imeneyi imagwira ntchito zachilengedwe. Mwa ichi makamaka tiziphunzira zosowa za anthu, jurisprudence ndi maphunziro, komanso kupereka antchito a gawo ili ndi chiphadzuwa mauthenga buku la malamulo atsopano.

Wachiwiri amaona ngati kunena za sayansi yeniyeni. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti jurisprudence chimachokera pa kudziŵa zinthu zenizeni, amene afotokozedwa mu magawanidwe yeniyeni. Akukhulupirira kuti ambiri a chilamulo ndi ofanana ndi mankhwala, monga iwo onse kuphatikiza onse ongolankhula ndi ntchito chigawo chimodzi. Mu njira yomweyo monga dokotala, loya kusankha zochita pa nkhani zokhudza thanzi ndi moyo. The ntchito malamulo ndi kugwira ntchito yokonza pa "mankhwala" zopindika anthu ndi dziko lauzimu la munthu aliyense. Amasonyeza makhalidwe a anthu a sayansi (mu nkhani iyi, chilamulo ndi mankhwala), amene anayambitsa kalelo.

Mfundo yachitatu ya kukhalapo kwa sayansi malamulo ndi mphamvu yake kutchula makhalidwe abwino a sayansi maganizo. mawu awa abwera chakuti malamulo wakhala akufufuza nkhani ya chinyezimiro cha cholinga chenicheni mbali malamulo omwe angabuke ndondomeko mapangidwe ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito malamulo atsopano. N'chifukwa chake forensics monga mmodzi wa Khalidwe la sayansi malamulo, umalimbana chidziwitso cha makhalidwe enieni maganizo a anthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso mwapadera anagula mu njira ya pofufuza.

Amene amaphunzira m'mbuyomu

Aliyense akudziwa kuti, mosadziwa kale, simungathe kumanga tsogolo. Munthu aliyense bwino lomwe chimene iye ankakhala mumzinda wake, dziko ndi dziko pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Popereka mauthenga za m'mbuyomu zimatengera pa mbiri wotchuka wa sayansi. Kuti iye akuphunzira zinthu zimene anapulumuka ku nthawi kale moyo wa munthu, tsiku limene inakhazikitsa zinayendera. Ndipotu mbali yaikulu ya sayansi ndi njira zake zakale ndi kutsatira malamulo ntchito ndi magwero pulayimale ndi umboni wina anapeza kufufuza ndi chiphunzitso cha mfundo zimene zingathe kulemba bwino ntchito zakale. Kwa nthawi yoyamba njira awa akhala ntchito mchitidwe mwa Thucydides. Chikugwira malinga ndi njira yakale walola kupeza nthawi zakale: ndi wosazindikira, dziko lapansi lakale, Zapakati, ndiyeno nthawi yatsopano yamakono. Kuli amalanga zinachitika, ntchito zimene zimathandiza osati kuzindikira kalero komanso kutsogolera ndi kulankhula kwa anthu. The kuganizira:

• Archaeology - sayansi ya kupeza ndi kuphunzira magwero enieni a m'mbuyomu;
• mbadwo - kuphunzira ubale zimakhalira pachibale a anthu;
• Kuwerengera - sayansi ya ndondomeko zosatha a zochitika m'mbiri.

Mapazi a Jules Verne

Popularization wa sayansi amatchedwa kanthu kena koma inabuka mwa osiyanasiyana a sayansi mu kupezeka kumva mtundu. Ntchito yaikulu asayansi ndi popularizers ndi processing deta ndi chinenero apadera sayansi pa chinenero womverayo, amene alibe poyerekezera ndi sayansi. amafunanso kuti ziume nzeru za sayansi kulenga Nkhani chidwi kuti adzaukitsa wofuna amatanganidwa phunziro ake.

Imodzi mwa njira zikuluzikulu za popularization wa sayansi imatengedwa yopeka. A mbali yaikulu mu chitukuko cha m'dera lino wachita okondedwa ambiri monga Zhyul Vern. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti more inu aganyali mu popularization a sayansi, wamkulu mosavuta achinyamata kubwera kwa malowa. Asayansi akuyesetsa kusunga nchito zawo zikayenda bwino, ndiponso angagwirizanitse kwa izo achinyamata. Koma pali munthu mu mbiriyakale, amene amakhulupirira kuti sayansi ayenera kupezeka ndi anthu amene anali pa helm, monga iwo, mosiyana ndi unyinji wonse, ndendende mmene angadzigwiritsire ntchito izo. Zimenezi amagawidwa Tiho Brage. Ludwig Fadeev, academician, amakhulupirira kuti popularize sayansi, ndithudi, muyenera (mwachitsanzo, aliyense wokhoma ayenera kumvetsa chifukwa pali msonkho). Koma pena kuti sangathe kukhala wotsimikiza mwamtheradi kuti akonzanso choncho nkhani quarks, zingwe, minda Yang-Mills adza kwa anthu zisonga zazing'ono chinyengo.

Science za m'ma XXI

Zikamera wa madera atsopano sayansi, makamaka kugwirizana ndi chokhumba cha sayansi kukhala apadera kwambiri. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mu zaka zino ambiri m'madera a sayansi:

1. Neyroparazitologiya - sayansi kuti amaphunzira makroparazitov moyo makamaka mu matupi a banja mphaka, komanso kuthekera kukhala awa magazi ofunda ngati anthu.
2. Kwadzidzidzi Biology - Biology mu dera limene zamoyo amaonedwa ndi chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi.
3. Ekzometeorologiya - sayansi ya kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha njira chikuchitika mu gawo la mapulaneti ena, ndi thandizo wa telesikopu amphamvu.
4. Nutrigenomics - kuphunzira interrelationships zovuta pakati pa njira ya chakudya ndi mawu a matupi athu ndi.
5. Cliodynamics - chilango sayansi kuti Chili kapangidwe zovuta za mogwirizana macrosociology mbiri, ndi mbiri za chuma, masamu mawerengeredwe njira yaitali anthu, systematization ndi kusanthula deta mbiri.
6. Kupanga zamoyo - nzeru za mapulani ndi kumanga makina atsopano biologically yogwira.
7. Zowerengera Chaanthu - sayansi yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuphunzira zochitika ndi zinthu za anthu pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta pokonza mfundo.
8. Zophatikizananso memetics - ndi akutulukira chilango sayansi kuti amaphunzira mfundo za kusintha maganizo kwa munthu wina ndi mzake, njira za kusintha awo ndi kusakanikirana ndi memes ena.