Radix. CHITSANZO nepozitsionnyh machitidwe chiwerengero

dongosolo chiwerengero - ndichiyani? Ngakhale popanda kudziwa yankho la funso limeneli, aliyense wa ife kwenikweni mu moyo wanu amasangalala machitidwe numeration ndipo sadziwa za izo. Ndiko kulondola, ochulukitsa! Izo siziri chimodzi, koma zambiri. Asanapereke zitsanzo nepozitsionnyh analipo machitidwe tiyeni tione nkhani imeneyi, tikambirana za kachitidwe Pamalo, nayenso.

Kufunika Nkhani

Kuyambira kale, anthu kufunika thamangani, kuti ndi intuitively kudziwa kuti muyenera mwanjira kufotokoza maganizo kachulukidwe ka zinthu ndi zochitika. ubongo akukuuzani kuti muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu kuwerenga. Kwambiri yabwino nthawizonse zakhala zala zake, ndipo zimenezi n'zomveka, chifukwa nthawi zonse zilipo (kupatulapo ochepa).

Amene anali membala wamkulu wa anthu kukhotetsa zala zake m'lingaliro lenileni - kutanthauza chiwerengero cha mammoths akufa, mwachitsanzo. Mayina a nkhani zimenezi zinthu kulibe, koma fano zithunzi fanizo.

Modern Pamalo dongosolo chiwerengero

Numeral System - njira (ndondomeko) kukhazikika mfundo kachulukidwe ndi zedi ndi ena otchulidwa (makalata kapena anthu).

Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti Pamalo nepozitsionnyh ndi kutsogolera pamaso kupereka zitsanzo machitidwe chiwerengero nepozitsionnyh. Pamalo dongosolo chiwerengero anapereka. Tsopano ntchito zosiyanasiyana motere: ndi bayinare (awiri okha zigawo zikuluzikulu: 0 1) Senary (nambala ya zilembo - 6), octal (manambala - 8) duodecimal (otchulidwa khumi), HEX (zikuphatikizapo otchulidwa sikisitini). Aliyense angapo zizindikiro kachitidwe akuyamba pa ziro. Modern makompyuta zochokera ntchito malamulo bayinare - ndi bayinare Pamalo kalembedwe.

Decimal dongosolo chiwerengero

Pamalo ndi kukhalapo mu amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana udindo kwambiri, zomwe zili ndi chizindikiro chiwerengero. Izi bwino Chitsanzo cha dongosolo decimal chiwerengero. Ndipotu ife anazolowera kuti kuyambira ali mwana. Zizindikiro m'dziko lino khumi: 0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Tengani chiwerengero 327. Pali manambala atatu 3, 2, 7. Aliyense ili ku malo ake ( place). Zisanu akutenga malo kupita ku mtengo umodzi (mayunitsi), deuce - ambiri, ndi patatu - mazana. Popeza chiwerengero atatu manambala Choncho, pamalo atatu basi.

Zochokera kumwamba, zitatu manambala decimal chiwerengero tinganene motere: mazana atatu, ndi mayunitsi twente-seveni. Ndipo tanthauzo (kufunika) malo anayesedwa kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja, pamalo ofooka (wagawo) kuti mphamvu (mazana).

Tinali zabwino kwambiri amaona mu decimal dongosolo chiwerengero Pamalo. Ife m'manja mwa zala khumi pa mapazi awo - komanso. Zisanu kuphatikiza asanu - kotero, chifukwa zala, ife mosavuta kulingalira ubwana wa makumi. N'chifukwa chake pali zovuta kuti ana aphunzire tebulo chulutsa asanu ndi khumi. Ndipo kotero kophweka kuwerenga banknotes, omwe kawirikawiri multiples (ie kugawidwa popanda yotsala a) asanu ndi khumi.

Other Pamalo dongosolo chiwerengero

Chodabwitsa kwa ambiri, ziyenera anati osati ubongo wathu tinazolowera ena anapezazo mu dongosolo decimal ochuluka. Kufikira tsopano, anthu amagwiritsa Senary ndi Duodecimal. Ndiko dongosolo pali zilembo zisanu ndi chimodzi chokha (mu Senary): 0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. khumi duodecimal awo: 0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 , a, B, kumene a - chiwerengero 10, - nambala 11 (popeza chizindikiro akhale umodzi).

Nokha. Timakhulupilira sixes nthawi, sichoncho? ola limodzi - sikisite Mphindi (sikisite), tsiku lina - ndi twente-foro maola (kawiri khumi) chaka - miyezi khumi ndi ziwiri, ndi zina zotero ... mipata nthawi zonse mosavuta zikugwirizanira manambala six- ndi duodecimal. Koma ife kotero ntchito izo, sitiganiza n'komwe kuganiza pa kuwerenga nthawi.

Nonpositional chiwerengero dongosolo. unary

Muyenera kusankha chili - nepozitsionnyh dongosolo chiwerengero. Iyi ndi dongosolo ophiphiritsa amenewa, limene palibe malo chiwerengero cha chikhalidwe, kapena mfundo ya "kuwerenga" udindo wa zimadalira. Lilinso ake malamulo omwe kulowa ndi kuwerengetsera.

Nazi zitsanzo nepozitsionnyh machitidwe chiwerengero. Tiyeni tibwerere ku akale. Ogwiritsa muyenera mlandu ndipo anabwera ndi kuyambitsa zophweka kwambiri - tinatake tozungulira. Nonpositional dongosolo nambala nodular. mutu umodzi (mpunga thumba, ng'ombe, haystack , etc.) Oyenerera Mwachitsanzo, pamene kugula kapena kugulitsa amanga mfundo mu chingwe.

Chifukwa, kunapezeka kuti mfundo chingwe kwambiri, mmene matumba ambiri a mpunga anagula (mwachitsanzo). Komanso akhoza kukhala mphako pa ndodo matabwa pa mwala slab, etc. dongosolo manambala dzina lake chimauma. Iwo ali dzina lina - unary, kapena osakwatiwa ( "uno" njira Latin "munthu").

N'zoonekeratu kuti dongosolo chiwerengero - nepozitsionnyh. Ndipotu, zimene maudindo tikunena za pamene (udindo) imodzi yokha! Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, m'madera ena a Dziko Lapansi akali otchuka nepozitsionnyh dongosolo chiwerengero unary.

Komanso nepozitsionnyh dongosolo chiwerengero monga:

• Roma (kwa manambala kulemba ntchito makalata - otchulidwa Latin);
• Ku Egypt (monga Roma, ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito zizindikiro);
• zilembo (ntchito zilembo);
• Babulo (zakale - ntchito mwachindunji ndi prevernuty "mphero");
• Greek (umatchedwanso zilembo).

Kachitidwe ka Chiroma numeral

Ufumu wa Roma, komanso sayansi wake, ankachita zinthu. Aroma anapereka dziko zoyambitsidwa zambiri zothandiza sayansi ndi luso, kuphatikizapo dongosolo nkhani yake. zaka mazana awiri zapitazo, mawerengero achiroma ankagwiritsa ntchito potanthauza tochepa zikalata malonda (n'kupeŵa achinyengo).

mawerengero achiroma - Mwachitsanzo dongosolo nonpositional chiwerengero, izo kudziwika kwa ife tsopano. kachitidwe ka Chiroma komanso mwachangu ntchito, koma masamu, ndi pang'ono akulimbana zochita. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito mawerengero achiroma kutanthauza masiku mbiri, atumwi, manambala buku, m'zigawo, ndi mitu m'mabuku buku. Nthawi zambiri ntchito yokongola ya zizindikiro Roma cha dials maola. Ndipo chitsanzo cha Chiroma mawerengero nonpositional radix.

Aroma anasankha manambala zilembo za alifabeti Latin. Ndipo chiwerengero cha iwo analemba malamulo. Pali mndandanda wa zilembo zazikulu ku kachitidwe ka Chiroma numeral, kudzera mwa iwo analembedwa manambala onse, popanda yekha.

Malamulo a kukafola manambala

Nambala chofunika analandira powonjezera zilembo (makalata Latin) ndi kuwerengetsa ndalama zawo. Taganizirani mmene yophiphiritsira olembedwa zizindikiro dongosolo Roma, ndi momwe iwo ayenera kukhala "werengani". Tikungotchula malamulo yaikulu ya mapangidwe chiwerengero cha Roma numeral dongosolo nonpositional.

1. zinayi - IV, wapangidwa ndi zilembo ziwiri (I, V - wina ndi asanu). Iwo akamagwira Kuchotsera chizindikiro ang'onoang'ono a kwambiri ngati iye waima ku dzanja lamanzere. Pamene chilemba ang'onoang'ono ndi kumanja, m'pofunika kuwonjezera, ndiye nambala sikisi - VI.
2. M'pofunika kuwonjezera awiri ofanana chizindikiro ataima pafupi. Mwachitsanzo: SS - ndi 200 (C - 100) kapena XX - 20.
3. Ngati woyamba chiwerengero khalidwe zosakwana wachiwiri, wachitatu pa mndandanda kungakhale chizindikiro amene phindu akadali aang'ono kwambiri kuposa poyamba. Kuti asasokonezeke, ife Mwachitsanzo: CDX - 410 (decimal).
4. Ena mwa manambala ikuluikulu ikhoza akuimira mu njira zosiyanasiyana ndi mmodzi wa downsides wa kachitidwe ka Chiroma ochuluka. Nazi zitsanzo zina: MVM (kachitidwe ka Chiroma) = 1000 + (1000 - 5) = 1995 (dongosolo decimal) kapena MDVD = 1000 + 500 + (500 - 5) = 1995. Ndipo kuti si njira zonse.

zidule masamu

Nepozitsionnyh dongosolo chiwerengero - izi ndi zina zovuta kumvetsa malamulo kukhazikitsa manambala, processing zawo (ntchito pa iwo). ntchito masamu mu kachitidwe chiwerengero nepozitsionnyh - si kophweka anthu amakono. Sitikudziwa kaduka ndi masamu Roma!

CHITSANZO Kuwonjezera. Tiyeni tiyese kuwonjezera manambala awiri: XIX + XXVI = XXXV, ntchito imeneyi imagwiridwa mu masitepe awiri:

1. The choyamba - ndi kutenga ang'onoang'ono chiwerengero cha manambala kuwonjezera: IX + VI = XV (I V ndipo ine ndinali pambuyo pamaso X "zakufa" wina ndi mnzake).
2. Chachiwiri - kuwonjezera magawo lalikulu la manambala awiri: X + XX = xxx.

Wochotsera imagwiridwa penapake zovuta. Amachepetsa chiwerengero cha chofunika kugawanika mu zanyengo constituent, ndipo kenako amachepetsa ndi subtracts kuchepetsa zizindikiro chibwereza. Za 500 kuchotsera 263:

D - CCLXIII = CCCCLXXXXVIIIII - CCLXIII = CCXXXVII.

Chulutsa Roma manambala. Mwa njira, m'pofunika kutchula kuti Aroma analibe zizindikiro arifmetichekih ntchito, amangoika mawu kwa iwo.

Multiplicand kuchulukitsa chiwerengero zofunika aliyense chizindikiro multiplier, amalandira ndalama zambiri zimene ayenera apangidwe. Mu njira iyi kutulutsa chulutsa polynomials.

Pankhani magawano, ndondomeko ndi kachitidwe ka Chiroma numeral anali ndi akadali zovuta kwambiri. Ndiye ntchito akale ambiri Roma - abacus. Naye ntchito anthu ophunzitsidwa mwapadera (osati munthu aliyense amene anatha kuphunzira sayansi).

Zolakwa nepozitsionnyh kachitidwe

Monga tanena, pali zovuta, zovuta mu kachitidwe chiwerengero ntchito nepozitsionnyh. Unary ndi osavuta kuti wo- nkhani yophweka, koma masamu ndi kuwerengetsera zovuta, si koyenera konse.

Mu Rome palibe malamulo ambiri mapangidwe ambiri ndipo pali chisokonezo ndi zovuta kuchita kuwerengetsera. Komanso, ambiri ambiri, amene akhoza kulembedwa ndi Aroma mothandizidwa ndi njira yake, anali 100,000.