Kulowelera dongosolo. Terms of pazipita ndi osachepera

Kusokonezedwa dongosolo - ndi kuwala kapena mdima mikwingwirima kuti amayamba ndi kunyezimira amene ali mu gawo kapena gawo ndi mzake. Kuwala mafunde ndi monga akuwonjezeka akamagwiritsa ntchito ngati magawo awo mwamalunji (motsogozedwa kuwonjezeka kapena mwayamba kufooka), kapena kuletsa wina ndi mnzake ngati ali antiphase. zinthuzo amatchedwa zaphindu ndi zowononga kuwasokoneza, motero. Ngati monochromatic kuwala mtengo, mafunde onse amene kutalika, umadutsa slits awiri yopapatiza (kuyesera anali woyamba amachitika 1801 ndi Thomas Young, English wasayansi, amene, chifukwa iye anazindikira kuti yoweyula chikhalidwe cha kuwala), awiri a mtanda chifukwa angathe kuwatsogolera pa zenera mosabisa zomwe m'malo mawanga awiri kulowererana anapanga kusokonezedwa M'mphepete - uniformly alternating chitsanzo cha kuwala ndi malo amdima. zodabwitsazi ntchito Mwachitsanzo, mu interferometers onse kuwala.

superposition

The liwulo khalidwe la superposition mafunde amene akufotokoza khalidwe la mafunde superimposed. mfundo zake kwagona kuti pamene mpata wa superimposed mafunde ziwiri, chosokoneza chifukwa chofanana ndi ndalama algebraic wa chisokonezo munthu. Nthawi zina pa perturbations lalikulu lamulo limeneli anagwiriridwa. Khalidwe imeneyi kumabweretsa angapo zotsatira amene aitanidwa kusokonezedwa zochitika.

Chodabwitsa kusokonezedwa amakhala ndi mbali ziwiri. Mafunde awiri constructively maxima mwamalunji, ndipo iwo ali mu gawo ndi mzake. The chifukwa cha superposition ndi kulimbitsa chosokoneza lapansi. The matalikidwe a yoweyula chifukwa wosanganiza ndi wofanana Uwerenge amplitudes payekha. Tikawonetsetsa zowononga kulowelera mu munthu pazipita yoweyula wina chikugwirizana ndi osachepera lachiwiri - iwo ndi adani. The matalikidwe a yoweyula amaphatikizidwa ndi wofanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa amplitudes wa ziwalo zikuluzikulu. Ngati kumene iwo ndi ofanana ndi wathunthu zowononga kusokonezedwa ndi perturbation sing'anga okwana ndi ziro.

kuyesera Young

The kusokonezedwa chitsanzo cha zinthu ziwiri momveka bwino pamaso pa mafunde kulowererana. Thomas Young adafotokoza kuti kuwala - yoweyula amene angamvere mfundo superposition. adakwaniritsa wotchuka anali chiwonetsero experimental wa zaphindu ndi zowononga kusokonezedwa kuwala mu 1801 Baibulo amakono a kuyesera Young m'chilengedwe losiyana okha kuti amagwiritsa coherent kuwala kochokera. Laser uniformly zounikira slits awiri zinachitikanso pamwamba opaque. Kuwala kudutsa iwo, pali chophimba akumidzi. Pamene m'lifupi pakati pa slits ndi kwambiri kuposa timaganiza za, malamulo a Optics geometrical mwaona - anawona pa m'madera chophimba awiri magetsi. Komabe, njira ya slits diffracted kuwala ndi mafunde pa zenera ndi superimposed pa wina ndi mzake. Mapindidwe akuwala ndi lokha chifukwa cha yoweyula chikhalidwe cha kuunika, ndi chitsanzo china cha mawu amenewa.

Chitsanzo kulowelera

Mfundo superposition ndiyo chifukwa mwamphamvu yogawa pa zenera magetsi. The kusokonezedwa chitsanzo kumachitika pamene njira kusiyana kwa kudula kwa chophimba ndi wofanana ndi chiwerengero lonse mlengalenga ngati kuwala (0, λ, 2λ, ...). kusiyana Izi zipangitsa kuti highs kubwera pa nthawi yomweyo. Zowononga kusokonezedwa kumachitika pamene njira kusiyana wofanana ndi inteja chiwerengero mlengalenga ngati kuwala kuchepetsa ndi theka (λ / 2, 3λ / 2, ...). Jung ntchito mfundo zojambula kusonyeza kuti superposition kumabweretsa angapo magulu mofanana spaced kapena malo mkulu mwamphamvu lolingana zigawo zaphindu kuwasokoneza, wosiyana ndi malo mdima lodzaza zowononga.

dzenje cm

Yofunika chizindikiro Masamu ndi slits awiri ndi chiŵerengero cha kuwala timaganiza λ ndi mtunda wa pakati mabowo D. Ngati λ / D ndi zochepa kwambiri kusiyana 1, mtunda wa pakati zingwe adzakhala ang'ono ndi toyalana zotsatira si anati. Kugwiritsa slits kwambiri spaced, Jung anatha kugawanitsa kuwala ndi malo amdima. Motero, iye kutumikira adziwana dzulo a mitundu owoneka kuunika. phindu yaing'ono kwambiri akulongosola chifukwa zotsatira izi kokha akamaziwononga. Kugawanitsa m'madera a zaphindu ndi zowononga kuwasokoneza, mtunda wa pakati gwero la mafunde kuwala ayenera kukhala laling'ono kwambiri.

timaganiza

Kuyangana zotsatira kusokonezedwa zovuta zifukwa zina ziwiri. Ambiri kuwala kochokera limatulutsa yothandizira timaganiza sipekitiramu, chifukwa mu mapangidwe dongosolo angapo kusokonezedwa superimposed pa wina ndi mzake, wina ndi imeneyi pakati pa mikwingwirima ya. Izi kumatha zotsatira kwambiri chitaperekedwa monga mbali ya mdima.

coherency

kuwasokoneza kuti akhoza anaona pa nthawiyo, m'pofunika ntchito coherent kuwala kochokera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kochokera cheza ayenera kukhalabe zonse gawo ubale. Mwachitsanzo, mafunde awiri amgwirizano wa pafupipafupi yemweyo nthawi zonse amodzi gawo ubale kwa mfundo iliyonse mu mlengalenga - kaya gawo kapena gawo chitsutso, kapena ena mkhalidwe wapakati. Komabe, ambiri a magwero kuwala limatulutsa woona amgwirizano yoweyula. M'malo mwake, iwo zimatulutsa kuwala, zomwe mwachisawawa gawo kusintha kumachitika mamiliyoni ambiri pa mphindi. cheza amenewa amatchedwa incoherent.

Yabwino gwero - laser

Kusokonezedwa akadali ananena pamene superimposed mafunde mu danga la zinthu ziwiri incoherent, koma kusokonezedwa dongosolo zosiyanasiyana mosintha, pamodzi ndi mwachisawawa gawo kosangalatsa. Kuwala masensa, kuphatikizapo maso, sangakhoze kulembetsa fano likusintha mofulumira, ndipo kokha mphamvu pafupifupi nthawi. The laser mtengowo uli pafupifupi monochromatic (m. E. imakhala timaganiza limodzi) ndi highly-. Ndi abwino kuwala gwero tikamatsatira zotsatira kusokonezedwa.

Khama la pafupipafupi

Pambuyo Jung 1802 muyeso adziwana dzulo kuwala kuonekera akhoza chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi liwiro insufficiently molondola kuwala panthawiyo kuwerengera pafupipafupi wake idzatha. Mwachitsanzo, kuwala wobiriwira ndi wofanana 6 × October ¹⁴ Hz. Ili ndilo dongosolo zambiri zoopsa kuposa pafupipafupi wa Phokoso makina. Yerekezerani kuti munthu akhoza kumva kulira ndi mafurikwense mpaka 2 × ¹⁰ April Hz. Kodi kwenikweni zimasiyanasiyana pa mtengo anatsala chinsinsi kwa zaka 60.

Kulowelera mu mafilimu woonda

Zotsatira anati suthera pawiri kudula Masamu ntchito ndi Thomas Young. Pamene pali kusinkhasinkha ndi refraction kunyezimira kuchokera pamalo awiri ankasiyana mtunda ofanana ndi timaganiza za, kulowerera amapezeka mafilimu woonda. Udindo wa filimu pakati pamalo akhoza kuimba zingalowe, mpweya, madzi kapena aliyense mandala thupi olimba. M'kuunika kumaoneka zotsatira kusokonezedwa okha ndi kukula kwake kwa micrometers ochepa. Chitsanzo chodziwika cha filimu onse ndi kuwira. Kuwala anasonyeza kwa izo, ndi superposition mafunde awiri - lina zimaonekera kuchokera kutsogolo padziko, ndipo chachiwiri - kumbuyo. Iwo alipo mu mlengalenga ndipo anawonjezera kwa wina ndi mzake. Malinga ndi makulidwe a filimu sopo, mafunde awiri kucheza constructively kapena destructively. A mawerengedwe lathunthu la chitsanzo kusokonezedwa zikusonyeza kuti kuwala ndi timaganiza λ zaphindu kusokonezedwa zimawonedwa kwa filimu makulidwe a λ / 4, 3λ / 4, 5λ / 4, etc., ndi zowononga - .. Kuti λ / 2, λ, 3λ / 2, ...

Mitunduyi kwa kuwerengetsa

kusokonezedwa chodabwitsa chinali ntchito zosiyanasiyana, choncho m'pofunika kumvetsa aone kuti pali zofunikira zokhudza thereto. The maikwezhoni zotsatirazi kulola mawerengedwe a makhalidwe osiyanasiyana kugwirizana ndi kuwasokoneza, pakuti awiri milandu ake ambiri.

Location kuwala n'kupanga mu kuyesera Young, .. Ie malo ndi zaphindu kusokonezedwa kuchita masamu ndi mawu akuti: Y _{ali wopepuka.} = (ΛL / d) m, kumene λ - timaganiza; mamita = 1, 2, 3, ...; D - mtunda pakati pa slits ya; L - mtunda kuti zikhudze.

.. Location mdima zomangirazo, mwachitsanzo m'madera a mogwirizana zowononga kwapatsidwa mwa: Y _mdima. = (ΛL / d) (m + 1/2).

Ena mitundu kusokonezedwa - mafilimu woonda - pamaso pa zaphindu kapena kuwononga superposition Mzimuyo gawo kosangalatsa mafunde potengera, potsata pa makulidwe filimu ndi refractive index za izo. The aone kuti pali choyamba anafotokoza nkhani ya kusapezeka kwa kusinthaku, ndipo chachiwiri - kusintha kosangalatsa wa hafu ya timaganiza:

2nt = mλ;

2nt = (m + 1/2) λ.

Apa, λ - timaganiza; mamita = 1, 2, 3, ...; T - njira anayendayenda mu filimu; N - Mndandanda wa refraction.

Penyetsetsani mu chikhalidwe

Pamene dzuwa likuwala pa kuwira, mukhoza kuona kuwala mikwingwirima wachikuda, kuyambira adziwana dzulo zagonjetsedwa kwa kusokonezedwa yotayikitsa, kuchotsedwa chinyezimiro cha. Otsala kuwala kuoneka wowonjezera mtundu kuchotsa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chifukwa cha kusokonezedwa zowononga palibe chigawo wofiira, chinyezimiro adzakhala buluu. The woonda filimu ya mafuta pa madzi limapanga zotsatira ofanana. Mu chikhalidwe, nthenga za mbalame zina, kuphatikizapo nkhanga ndi hummingbirds, ndi zipolopolo za ena kafadala kuoneka kukuwalirawalirabe, pamene kusintha mtundu pamene inu kusintha kuonera njingayo. kuwala sayansi pano ndi kuwasokoneza mafunde kuwala anasonyeza ku nyumba woonda magawo kapena ndodo magulu kuwalitsa. Mofananamo ngale ndi chipolopolo ndi Iris, chifukwa superposition wa mawunikidwe ku zigawo angapo a ngale. miyala yamtengo wapatali monga opal, chionetsero wokongola dongosolo kulowelera chifukwa cha kubalalika kuunika kwa nyumba zonse popangidwa ndi particles tosaoneka ozungulira.

ntchito

Pali ambiri ntchito njira zamakono kusokonezedwa zochitika kuwala tsiku ndi tsiku. Iwo zochokera Optics sayansi kamera. Normal magalasi antireflection ❖ kuyanika ndi woonda filimu. wochindikala ndi refraction kunyezimira ali kotero osankhidwa kubala zowononga kusokonezedwa wa kuwala kuwoneka. zokutira More apadera linali la zigawo angapo mafilimu woonda anafuna kudutsa cheza okha yopapatiza timaganiza osiyanasiyana motero ntchito ngati Zosefera. zokutira Multilayer amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuonjezera reflectivity wa kalirole wa telesikopu zakuthambo, komanso resonators kuwala laser. Interferometry - kayesedwe njira yolondola ntchito boma kusintha yaing'ono mtunda wachibale - zachokera ananena likusuntha kuwala ndi magulu mdima opangidwa ndi kuwala akusonyeza. Mwachitsanzo, muyeso wa mmene kusokonezedwa chitsanzo chimasintha, zimathandiza kukhazikitsa kupindika pamalo zigawo zikuluzikulu kuwala mu kuwala lobes timaganiza.