Mitundu chachikulu cha ngongole ndi makhalidwe awo

Mitundu ya ngongole - ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ngongole, gulu ikuchitika pa muyezo zingapo zofunika. Imodzi mwa muyezo wounikira ali linachokera kwa ndalama kumene ngongole angathe kugawidwa mitundu itatu: ndalama, malonda losanganikirana. Monga woyamba mu mbiri ya ndalamawo ndi mutu ndi surpluses kwambiri wa uphungu, ngongole zoyambirira inakhazikitsa mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala ena mu mtundu. Pamene chofunika ngongole wamangawa ndi pang'onopang'ono mudzalipidwa mtengo wa katundu anakongola ndalama, ndipo patapita zonse alipire iwo anakhala katundu.

Mu m'mayiko mitundu wosanganiza ngongole nthawi zambiri ntchito tsopano, pamene ngongole ili zambiri anapatsidwa ndalama ndipo analipira popereka katundu kuti ndalamazo kutenga nkhani accrued chidwi akutenga ndalama za ngongole. Komabe, chuma otukuka monga zosiyanasiyana ngongole kale anangolemba kale, ndipo iwo anali m'malo ndi mabwenzi ndalama. Poganizira mtundu waukulu wa ngongole, mukhoza kusankha ngongole tingachipeze powerenga kuti sizili za chikhalidwe cha tsintho ndi malonda Relations. Pansi ngongole izi wobwereka anapereka yekha ndalama zilipo, umene chikalandira mankhwala lamanja, katundu, zomera ndi zida, zida zoyendera.

ngongole malonda

njira zamakono ngongole ndi makhalidwe awo makamaka kugwirizana ndi cholinga cha kupeza ngongole, komanso gulu lopereka ngongole. Ngati wotuluka ameneŵa amakhudza palibe mabanki ndi mabungwe a zachuma, ndi mabungwe malonda kwa kalembera wa ndikupeleka zambiri ntchito mlomo. ngongole imeneyi imatchedwa malonda kapena malonda, ndi cholinga chachikulu cha zosiyanasiyana amachita ngongole adzakhala zipani mofulumira ndondomeko ya malonda mankhwala ndi phindu mofulumira. Panopa, m'mayiko olemera, m'malo ngongole amagwiritsa ntchito muyezo mgwirizano pakati pa ogula ndi katundu, amene amanena momveka bwino nthawi ndondomeko atapereka katundu anagulitsa.

ngongole boma

Izi mitundu ya ngongole, monga boma ngongole, kupereka chifukwa chotenga mbali mu ndikupeleka kwa akuluakulu a boma m'malo ndalama munthu nzika kapena mabungwe alamulo mu ndalama ngongole yake kwa bajeti. Kawirikawiri, ndalama ndi anasamutsidwa kudzera Bank ku Central kapena kudzera mabungwe malonda chuma, ngati ndalama kwa kukhazikitsa utsogoleri dziko kwachititsa ndalama ku mabungwe ena.

ngongole lonse

Ngati wobwereka ndi wokongoza ndi anthu a m'dzikolo amasiyanasiyana, mkangano pakati pawo ngongole ubale afanane ndi ngongole lonse. Mu zochitika zina pamene magulu kuti iwowo ndi nthumwi za IMF ndi boma la dziko, kutenga ndalama ngongole, ngongole za mwapatsidwa yekha mu mawu a ndalama, ndi limodzi la anazindikira ndalama dziko. Mu wotuluka pakati pa anthu a m'dzikolo amasiyanasiyana, cholinga chimene ali kuchita zinthu malonda yachilendo, ngongole zambiri alembedwe wa uphungu, ndipo ngati ngongole malonda kwa importer lapansi.

ngongole Civil

Tsopano mitundu wachibadwidwe wa ngongole ntchito nthawi zambiri, ali usurious khalidwe ndi anawagawa mafakitale ndi ogula ngongole. Mitundu loyamba la mabungwe ngongole ndikupeleka ndi mabanki ndi anthu malamulo, monga wamangawa amalandira ndalama yaikulu kwa chuma atathana ndi likulu ntchito. Ogula ngongole anapangidwa kwa anthu amene akufuna kugula mankhwala makamaka kapena kuthetsa awo mavuto osakhalitsa ndalama. Childs, ngongole izi zikhoza inakhazikitsa mu ndalama kapena gombe anasamutsidwa ndalama kuti paokha Organization Trade, imene wobwereka amapeza katundu ogula.