Mitundu tsankho: loti izi lero?

Mu United States, mpaka posachedwapa, panali kulekana kwa azungu anthu, akuda, amwenye, otchedwa mitundu tsankho. Tanthawuzo la zodabwitsazi bwino kudzera mwa mbali malamulo ndi yoona.

mbiri nkhani

Tsankho m'chilamulo inayamba mu 1865 pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti boma la ukapolo ku America. Wotchuka 13 Kukonzedwa amaletsa ukapolo ndi pa nthawi yomweyo mwalamulo kuli masukulu osiyana yachikuda, masitolo, ndi mayunitsi asilikali.

Mu United States pa chiyambi cha XX m'ma mndandanda wa malamulo pa tsankho la Japanese mitundu, monga "Act kuti achotse amwenye" anapanga zovuta kukhala nzika US mwa iwo Analeredwa.

tsankho banja

Kudera limene moyo sanasinthe kwa zaka zambiri, anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana ali kale selilos m'madera akutali Chrixitu. Choncho, ambiri a m'mizinda poyamba adanyamuka tsankho banja. izi zikutanthauza Kodi chitsanzo ndi chitsanzo cha New York, komwe mu mbiri linakhalapo anapanga akutali Negro, Chinese, okhala Japanese.

Banja tsankho kumachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, maphunziro osiyana akuda ndi azungu ku United States kwa zaka zopitirira zaka zana. Woyamba malamulo kuletsa pa tsankho m'masukulu anavomerezedwa mu madera osiyanasiyana US, kokha mu 1954, ndipo mu mwiniwake wa moyo wake limodzi ndi chitsutso yogwira a anthu woyera.

Chomwecho yonyansa chodabwitsa wakhala kuletsa mabanja wosanganiza "woyera" ndi "akuda". Ana kwa maukwati otere kwadzaoneni kusekedwa ndi ankavutitsidwa. Nthawi zambiri samafuna kutenga maphunziro ndi masukulu Negro ndi masukulu azungu.

Nthawi Army ...

Yodalirika ya tsankho mu Army US pa mlingo malamulo anaikidwa mu 1792. za asilikali Act ikuti kuti kutumikira akanakhoza kokha "ufulu wamphamvu woyera wamwamuna." Only mu 1863 izo unakhazikitsidwa njira ofunda kwa asilikali a akuda. Ndipo negros anatumikira m'madera osiyana, kumene ngakhale kwambiri kapitawo malo wotanganidwa ndi azungu. Iwo kusalidwa pamene kupatsa sanali analamula kapitawo mabungwe komanso awarding wa mendulo ndi zipsera za kusiyana.

50-ntchentche za m'ma XX zinthu asilikali sinasinthe kwambiri m'kupita. Osiyana ulendo wa misonkhano, ndi kuletsa nawo maudani, tsankho awarding maudindo - onse kusankhana uku asilikali. Kuti zodabwitsazi n'zosemphana zonse adzathetsedwa, zinadziwika pokhapokha kukhazikitsidwa kwa 1964 Ufulu Civil Act.

zilili panopa

tsankho mavuto ndi lero kukhala zogwirizana kwambiri. The lipoti la Professor pa University Harvard , Gary Orfilda 2006 inanena kuti pafupifupi kupambana anthu onse American, chifukwa chimene adzathetsedwa tsankho atayika pa zaka khumi zapitazi. Kodi izi zikutanthauza mu zikhalidwe alipo, mosavuta, onani mapu, amene anasonyeza pa stratification mitundu mu United States malingana ndi malo okhala.

Analemba pamaziko a deta pasipoti kwa anthu a limati zingapo, mapu awa kupereka chizindikiro zithunzi kuli kwambiri ogula tsankho. Makamaka, khungu lakuda m'tawuni anthu Detroit, St. Louis, Birmingham akupitiriza kuthetsa mosiyana woyera wa.

Palinso ganizo lotsutsa, malinga ndi zimene United States ndi bwino khalidwe lomwe wamkulu wa kusakanikirana tonse anthu. Pa zaka zapitazi 10, kusankhana mitundu wathetsedwa m'mizinda yonse yaikulu US.

Akukhulupirira kuti kusankha kwa malo Pulezidenti US Baraka Obamy African-American analola kuchepetsa chotero chodabwitsa manyazi monga tsankho. zodabwitsazi anthu American pafupifupi stamped kunja, analengeza mu lipoti chuma Edvarda Glauzera ku University Harvard ndi Iakova Vigdora a University Duke.

Mu ku phunzira kwao linanena kuti mu 2010, "ghettos wakuda" lokhalamo anthu 20 okha% ya wakuda anthu America, pamene chithunzi ichi anafika 50% mu 1960. Komabe, mlingo wa kusakanikirana mu m'mizinda ikuluikulu US akadali sizili zofanana, ndipo anthu Atlanta, Houston, Dallas ndi zambiri Integrated kuposa ku New York. A mizinda 13 ndi chiwerengero apamwamba a ku America wa New York African zinasonyeza chikhumbo chochepa cha kusakanikirana "mtundu". Ngakhale onse alipo pulogalamu kukhulupirika, ikhala umodzi mwa mizinda kwambiri popeleka ma mu US.