Mu atomu mogwirizana particles

Nkhaniyi adzayang'anitsitsa otchedwa zachilengedwe - chofunika zimachitika mu atomu ndi mfundo imene inamangidwa. Padzakhala kuuzidwa kuti n'zotheka kuti kuli njira zina zatsopano kuphunzira nkhaniyi. Kusukulu makalasi sayansi, ana asukulu akukumana ndi kulongosola mfundo yonena za "mphamvu". Amadziwa kuti mphamvu kungakhale yosiyanasiyana - mphamvu frictional, mphamvu yokoka, elasticity ndi mphamvu zambiri zofanana. Si onse amene angatchedwe achikhazikitso, monga zambiri kwambiri chodabwitsa cha mphamvu sekondale (frictional mphamvu, mwachitsanzo, ndi mogwirizana ake mamolekyulu ndi). Mogwirizana mu atomu ungakhalenso sekondale - monga Motero. Maselo Physics anapereka chitsanzo cha Van der Waals mphamvu. Komanso akupereka zitsanzo zambiri ndi maziko tinthu sayansi.

Mu chikhalidwe,

Ndikufuna kupeza akamanena za njira kunachitika chilengedwe, monga izo zimatipanga ife ntchito mogwirizana mu atomu. Kodi kwenikweni mphamvu zimachititsa kuti Mzimuyo onse anamanga asilikali ake sekondale? Aliyense akudziwa kuti anzake atomu, kapena, monga iwo ukutchedwa, mphamvu ya magetsi ndi ofunika. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi malamulo Coulomb, amene ali generalization yake kumakhalapo ku Maxwell maikwezhoni. Recent kufotokoza zonse mwachibadwa zikuchitika mphamvu ya maginito ndi magetsi. N'chifukwa chake imatsimikizirika kuti mogwirizana minda mu atomu - mphamvu zimene zimachititsa zachilengedwe. Chitsanzo chotsatirachi - mphamvu yake yokoka. Ngakhale ana asukulu mukudziwa za malamulo a chilengedwe kukoka Isaaka Nyutona, amenenso posachedwapa nawo generalization moyenera maikwezhoni Einstein, ndipo, malinga ndi chiphunzitso chakuti yokoka, mphamvu ya mogwirizana ndi mu atomu ndi lofunika kwambiri zachilengedwe, nayenso.

Padangokhala kuti ankakhulupirira kuti pali kokha awa mphamvu zazikulu ziwiri, koma sayansi anafika pafupi pang'onopang'ono kutsimikizira kuti izo siziri choncho. Mwachitsanzo, anatulukira wa phata atomiki tinali kuyambitsa maganizo a mphamvu za nyukiliya, kapena mmene kumvetsa mfundo ya posungira wa particles mkati phata la, chifukwa chake amauluka mbali zonse. Kumvetsa momwe mogwirizana mu atomu mu chikhalidwe lathandiza kuyeza mphamvu ya nyukiliya kuphunzira ndi kulongosola. Kenako Komabe, asayansi anazindikira kuti mphamvu nyukiliya ndi zasekondale ndi mu mawonekedwe zambiri monga Van der Waals mphamvu. Ndipotu mphamvu kwenikweni kokha zimachititsa kuti kupereka quarks kucheza ndi mzake. Ndiye - zotsatira sekondale - ndi zimene zimachitika pakati pa minda ya mu atomu ya mapulotoni neutrons mu phata la. Ndithu n'chofunika kwambiri mogwirizana kwa quarks, gluons amatumizidwa. Choncho anatulukira m'chilengedwe kwenikweni wachitatu lofunika mphamvu.

Kupitiriza nkhani

Pulayimale particles kuwola, olemera - pa mbandakucha, ndi kuvunda awo limafotokoza mphamvu watsopano mogwirizana ndi atomu, amene bwino wotchedwa - mphamvu ya mogwirizana ofooka. Chifukwa osauka? Chifukwa mu atomu kulowelera mu chikhalidwe ndi wamphamvu kwambiri. Ndipo kachiwiri, kunapezeka kuti chiphunzitso cha ankachita ofooka, kotero Mochititsa chidwi anayamba mu chithunzi cha dziko ndi poyamba mwangwiro limafotokoza oipa a particles pulayimale, satsanzira postulates chomwecho, ngati mphamvu kwambiri chifukwa. N'chifukwa chake chiphunzitso akale wakhala redesigned ndi mzake - chiphunzitso cha mogwirizana ofooka, nthawi yasonyeza kuti konsekonse. Ngakhale inamangidwa zinali pa mfundo mofanana ndi ena a chiphunzitso Pofotokoza zimene zimachitika mu atomu a particles. Masiku ano, pali anayi kuphunzira ndi kutsimikiziridwa lofunika ankachita, ndi wachisanu - panjira, za iye adzabwera. Onse anayi - yokoka, mwamphamvu, mwaulesi mu atomu - zimamangidwa pa mfundo limodzi: mphamvu kwaiye pakati pa particles ndi chifukwa cha kugawana akuyendera chotengera, kapena ayi - ayimire mogwirizana.

Kodi mtundu wa thandizo? Izi fotoni - popanda tinthu misa, komabe bwinobwino amanga mu atomu kusokonezedwa chifukwa kusinthitsa ndi kwadzidzidzi mafunde mu atomu kapena kuwala kwadzidzidzi. Mogwirizana mu atomu ikuchitika ndi photons m'munda wa particles mlandu, amene kulankhula ndi mphamvu zina, monga nthawi amachitira lamulo Coulomb a. Pali wina massless tinthu - gluon, lili mitundu eyiti, zimathandiza kulankhula quarks. mogwirizana izi mu atomu ndi kukopa pakati pa milandu, ndipo anati akhale na mphambvu. Inde, ndipo mogwirizana ofooka ndi opanda intermediaries, amene zitsulo particles misa kuposa pamenepo, iwo chachikulu, kuti n'kwakukulu. Izi wapakatikati vekitala bosons. kulemera ndi kulemera ndi chifukwa kufooka kwa mogwirizana ndi. Yokoka ndi mphamvu kuphana kwadzidzidzi yokoka kumunda. Ichi ndi kukopa kwa anzake a mu atomu a particles, komabe si zokwanira kuphunzira, ngakhale graviton experimentally ayi koma wapezeka, ndi kwadzidzidzi yokoka ndife palibe ndithu, ndi chabe chifukwa tili kufotokoza chitha sichinafike.

mphamvu chachisanu

Takambirana amitundu inayi lofunika ankachita: mwamphamvu, mwaulesi atomu, yokoka. Mogwirizana - kumasonyeza nzeru particles, ndi lingaliro chosokonekera sangakhoze kuchita, chifukwa palibe mogwirizana kuti si kugwirizana nazo. Izo zimatengera chiwerengero cha particles ndi misa zawo. Ndi chosokonekera yeniyeni ya misa nthawi zonse ziro. Choncho, fotoni ndi gluon misa si, ndi wofanana ndi ziro, ndi graviton - kwambiri. Ngati chosokonekera wathyoka, misa ikutha kuti ziro. Choncho, wapakatikati vekitala njati ndi misa, chifukwa chosokonekera wathyoka. The anayi ankachita lofunika anafotokoza chirichonse chimene ife kuona ndi kumva. Magulu otsala kuti lumikiza awo mu atomu ndi sekondale. Komabe, mu 2012 panali yojambula mu sayansi ndi anatulukira tinthu wina, ina yotchuka. A zisinthe mu dziko sayansi bungwe kutsegula kwa Higgs boson, kumene monga kunapezeka, komanso akutumikira monga chotengera cha ankachita pakati quarks ndi leptons.

N'chifukwa chake asayansi-sayansi tsopano kuti panali mphamvu lachisanu mkhalapakati amene kunapezeka kuti kukhala Higgs boson. Chosokonekera wasweka pano: kuchokera Higgs boson ali misa. Motero chiwerengero cha ankachita (mawu amakono tinthu sayansi m'malo mwa mawu akuti "mphamvu") wafika asanu. Mwina tikuyembekezera kutulukira zinthu zatsopano, popeza ife sindikudziwa ndendende ngati ngakhale popanda ankachita izi. N'zotheka kwambiri kuti tamanga, ndipo lero chitsanzo ichi, zingatanthauze mwangwiro anafotokoza zochitika zonse anati mu dziko, ndipo si wathunthu ndithu. Ndipo mwina patapita kanthawi kudzakhala latsopano ankachita ndi mphamvu zatsopano. Mwina ngati pali osachepera chifukwa ife pang'onopang'ono kwambiri anamva kuti panopa amadziwika lofunika ankachita - mwamphamvu, mwaulesi atomu, yokoka. Ndipotu, ngati alipo mu chikhalidwe cha particles supersymmetric, zomwe zafotokozedwa dziko sayansi, zikutanthauza kuti kuli chosokonekera yatsopano, ndi chosokonekera zonse kumatanthauza zikamera wa particles latsopano kuti ayimire pakati pawo. Choncho, ife tikumva sankadziwika lofunika mphamvu, monga kamodzi anadabwanso kumva kuti pali Mwachitsanzo, mu atomu mogwirizana, ofooka. Kudziwa zokhudza chilengedwe zathu chosakwanira kwambiri.

Interconnectivity

Chinthu chidwi kwambiri ndi zimene zimachitika latsopano ayenera kukhala ndi chodabwitsa sakudziwika kwathunthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ife sanandiphunzitse za mogwirizana ofooka, sitikanatha anapeza kugwa, ndipo ngati izo sizinali tadziŵa kuwola, palibe kuphunzira anachita nyukiliya sizikanatheka kukanakhala. Ndipo ngati ife sanali kudziwa zochita nyukiliya, simungamvetse momwe dzuwa likuwala pa ife. Ndipotu, ngati chiyani kuwala, ndi moyo padziko lapansi udzakhala wopanda kupangidwa. Kotero kuti kukhalapo kwa mogwirizana limasonyeza kuti ndi kofunika kwambiri. Ngati mogwirizana amphamvu kulibe, ndipo mtima atomiki sizikanakhala khola. Chifukwa mogwirizana ndi mu atomu Earth amalandira mphamvu ya dzuwa, ndi kuwala kuwala kufika kwa iye, konzekera dziko. Ndiponso zimene ankachita onse odziwika ndi zofunika kwambiri. Apa Higgs, mwachitsanzo. Higgs boson amapereka tinthu misa ndi zimavuta ndi munda, ndife opanda sizikanagwira anapulumuka. Ndipo momwe, popanda mogwirizana ndi Mphamvu kukhala padziko lapansili? Zikanakhala zosatheka osati kwa ife, koma kanthu bi.

Mwamtheradi onse ankachita, ngakhale amene ife simumamudziwa, n'kofunika kwambiri kuti zinthu zonse zimene anthu amadziwa, amamvetsa ndipo amakonda kumeneko. Kodi tingadziwe? Inde, kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, tikudziwa kuti purotoni ndi khola mu phata la. Chofunika kwambiri kwa ife, kukhazikika kwake, mwinamwake njira yomweyo sipakadakhala moyo. Komabe, zatsopano amati purotoni moyo - nthawi ndi phindu lochepa. Long, ndithudi, 10 zaka ^34. Koma zikutanthauza kuti pa nthawi ina usathe, ndi pulotoni, ndipo izi zimafuna mphamvu zatsopano, ndi anzake atsopano. Against kuwola mapulotoni alipo kale chiphunzitso amene ankagwira latsopano, digiri apamwamba chosokonekera Choncho, mogwirizana latsopano mwina alipo amene ife sitikudziwa chirichonse.

Grand yogwirizanitsa

Kugwirizana kwa chilengedwe ndi mfundo zokha za yomanga ankachita onse ofunika. mafunso ambiri uka poyerekezera ndi chiwerengero cha iwo ndi kufotokoza zifukwa kuchuluka imeneyi. Mabaibulo anamanga apa zambiri, ndipo iwo ali osiyana kwambiri mfundo anafika. Fotokozani pamaso pa chiwerengero zoterozo ankachita ofunika njira zonse zotheka, koma mfundo imodzi kumanga umboni. Nthawi zonse mitundu ambiri osiyanasiyana ankachita, ofufuza akuyesetsa kuphatikiza chimodzi. Choncho mfundo zoterezi ndi ziphunzitso zotchedwa Grand Wonse. Ngati dziko mtengo nthambi: a kuchuluka kwa nthambi, ndi thunthu yofanana.

Ndicho chifukwa pali izi ziphunzitso zonse kugwirizanitsa lingaliro. Muzu wa Mwanjira zonse zodziwika umodzi kudyetsa thunthu, umene uli chifukwa imfa ya chosokonekera anayamba nthambi anapanga ankachita zosiyanasiyana achikhazikitso, zomwe ife tingathe kuona experimentally. amanena sanathe kutsimikizidwa Koma chifukwa pamafunika kwambiri mkulu mphamvu sayansi, zatsopano kufikako lero. N'zotheka kwambiri, ndipo zimenezi mwina kuti tili konse osati ku cholowa cha mphamvu izi. Koma pa chopinga zimenezi n'zotheka ndithu.

padera

Tidzakhala ndi dziko, ndi accelerator achilengedwe, ndi njira zonse zimene zimachitika mu izo, n'zotheka kuti aletse ngakhale malingaliro ambiri kufika pafupi mizu wamba ankachita onse odziwika. Ntchito ina chidwi kudziwa ankachita mu chikhalidwe chake mwina zovuta. M'pofunika kudziwa momwe ikukhudzana yokoka ndi mphamvu zina zachilengedwe. Izi ndi anzake lofunika wayima monga izo payokha, ngakhale kuti malinga ndi mfundo za pomanga mfundo imeneyi ndi ofanana ndi ena onse.

Einstein anaphunzira chiphunzitso yokoka, kuyesera yolumikizana ndi magetsi. Ngakhale zenizeni pakuoneka kuti vutoli, ndiye kuti chiphunzitso akadali sizinachitikebe. Tsopano anthu amadziwa mowonjezera, osachepera tikudziwa za ankachita amphamvu ndi ofooka. Ndipo ngati tsopano yomanga wathunthu wa chiphunzitso wogwirizana adzachita bwanji kachiwiri chosadziwa. Mpaka analephera yokoka pa ndime ndi Mwanjira ina, chifukwa amamvera malamulo malinga ndi kwadzidzidzi sayansi yokoka - palibe. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi, particles onse ndi quanta m'munda wa ena. Koma kwadzidzidzi yokoka kulibe, osachepera sichinafike. Komabe, chiwerengero cha ankachita kale anapeza akubwereza mokweza zimene sangakhale chiwembu chilichonse umodzi.

munda magetsi

Back mu 1860, akulu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi sayansi James kalaliki Maxwell bwino pokonza chiphunzitso kufotokoza kupatsidwa ulemu mu atomu. Pamene kusintha m'munda maginito mu ina danga minda magetsi. Ngati munda izi zimapezeka chatsekedwa wochititsa, ndi kupatsidwa ulemu panopa ukuyenda mwa munda magetsi. chiphunzitso chakuti minda mu atomu Maxwell zikutsimikizira kuti mwina n'zosiyana ndondomeko: ngati kusintha nthawi munda magetsi mu ina danga adzafuna maginito. Kusintha kulikonse zingachititse osiyanasiyana m'munda magetsi, ndipo mukhoza kupeza kusintha magetsi alternating maginito mu nthawi maginito. zosintha zimenezi, kupanga minda mzake bungwe ndi munda logwirizana - mu atomu.

The chifukwa chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimatsatira kwa mitunduyi chiphunzitso Maxwell a - kuneneratu kuti pali mafunde atomu, i.e. pochulukitsa munda mu atomu mu nthawi ndi malo. Gwero la kuthengo mu atomu ndi kusuntha milandu mathamangitsidwe magetsi. Mosiyana lamayimbidwe (zotanuka) mu atomu mafunde akhoza kufalitsa mu nkhani iliyonse, ngakhale mu vacuo. Mu atomu kulowelera mu vacuo propagates ndi kuwala kumayendera (c = 299 792 makilomita pa wachiwiri). The timaganiza angakhale osiyana. mafunde mu atomu ku mamita zikwi khumi mamita 0.005 - izi ndi mphepo kuti ntchito popereka mauthenga kwa ife, kuti ndi mbendera mtunda wina popanda mawaya iliyonse. Analenga mphepo pa pafupipafupi panopa mkulu amene akuyenda ku mlongoti lapansi.

ndi mafunde Kodi

Ngati kutalika cheza cha mu atomu ranges kuchokera 0,005 micrometer 1 mita, i.e. iwo amene ali mu osiyanasiyana pakati pa kuwala ndi wailesi mafunde looneka - ndi infuraredi cheza. Wake zimatulutsa matupi onse mkangano: mabatire, masitovu, incandescent nyali. zipangizo Special kutembenuza cheza infuraredi mu kuwala looneka kupeza zithunzi za zinthu zimene zimatulutsa, ngakhale mu mdima mtheradi. Owoneka kuunika limatulutsa ndi timaganiza za nanometers 770 kwa 380 - mtundu sakhalanso wofiira wofiirira. Gawo ili la sipekitiramu ali moyo ndi yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa gawo lalikulu la zokhudza dziko timalandira kudzera m'masomphenya.

Ngati cheza mu atomu ali timaganiza zosakwana chibakuwa ndi kuwala wakupha mabakiteriya. X-ray zosaoneka ndi maso. Iwo nkomwe kuyamwa owoneka kuunika zigawo opaque zakuthupi. X-ray matenda matenda a ziwalo za anthu ndi nyama. Ngati cheza mu atomu ali kwaiye mogwirizana ndi tinthu pulayimale ndipo panamveka ndi mtima okondwa akamagwira cheza Popanga madzi a gamma. Izi osiyanasiyana ambiri lonse mu sipekitiramu mu atomu chifukwa si mphamvu yapamwamba. Popanga madzi a gamma poizoniyu kukhala ofewa ndi amphamvu: kusintha mphamvu mwa mtima atomiki - zofewa, ndi zochita nyukiliya - okhwima. cheza izi mosavuta kukagwetsa mamolekyulu ndi mbali kwachilengedwenso. Chimwemwe chachikulu kuti zinkakhalira Popanga madzi a gamma cheza sangakhoze kudutsa. Kusunga Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira kwa mlengalenga zikhoza kukhala. Pa mphamvu kwambiri zimachitika mu atomu propagates pa liwiro pafupi kuwala: Popanga madzi a gamma quanta tulo phata maatomu, kuswa iwo uko mu particles, kubalalitsa mu madera osiyana. Pamene braking, iwo zimatulutsa kuwala, kuonekera telesikopu wapadera.

Akale - m'tsogolo

mafunde atomu, monga zanenedwa, ananeneratu ndi Maxwell. Iye ankaphunzira ndipo anayesa kukhulupirira masamu pang'ono zilizonse zithunzi Faraday, limene zochitika maginito ndi magetsi Buku. Zinali Maxwell anapeza kusowa chosokonekera. Ndipo anakwanitsa kutsimikizira angapo maikwezhoni kuti alternating minda magetsi kupanga maginito ndi mosemphanitsa. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti akhulupirire kuti minda amenewa ndi detach ku ochititsa imakhudzidwa kupyolera zingalowe m'malo ndi ena liwiro chiphona. Ndipo anaganiza izo. Liwiro anali pafupi trohstam zikwi makilomita pa mphindi.

Ndicho mogwirizana chiphunzitso ndi kuyesera. Chitsanzo ndi kutsegula kudzera zomwe tinaphunzira za kuli mafunde mu atomu. Mmenemo adasonkhana mothandizidwa ndi sayansi mfundo sakanikira mwamtheradi - nyese ndi magetsi, monga chodabwitsa thupi la dongosolo la yemweyo, basi osiyana mumbali mwa izo ndi polankhulana. Nthanthi imakonzedwa chimodzi kuseri kwa ena, ndi onse a iwo umafananirako wina ndi mnzake: chiphunzitso cha mogwirizana electroweak Mwachitsanzo, pamene zomwezo anafotokozedwa ndi mphamvu ofooka nyukiliya ndi atomu, etc. Zonsezi Chili chromodynamics kwadzidzidzi, kuphimba ankachita amphamvu ndi electroweak (apa molondola pamene m'munsi koma ntchito akupitiriza). Intensively anaphunzira m'madera a sayansi monga kwadzidzidzi yokoka ndi chiphunzitso chingwe.

anapezazo

Iwo likukhalira kuti afotokoze ife kwathunthu lodzala ndi cheza mu atomu: nyenyezi ndi dzuwa, mwezi ndi zina zakuthambo, ndi dziko lapansi, ndi zonse foni mu manja a munthu, siteshoni mlongoti - zonsezi limatulutsa mafunde mu atomu wa mayina osiyanasiyana . Malinga pafupipafupi oscillations, amene chimachokera chinthu amasiyana infuraredi, wailesi, kuwala looneka cheza zamera munda, X-ray ndi zina zotero.

Pamene minda mu atomu ndi anagawira, limakhala yoweyula mu atomu. Ndi chabe sizidzatha gwero la mphamvu, kunjenjemera mlandu magetsi a mamolekyulu ndi maatomu. Ndipo ngati mtengo oscillates, zoyenda yake inapita patsogolo, choncho limatulutsa mafunde mu atomu. Ngati kusintha maginito, mundako ndi wokonda mmene kanyamaka magetsi zimene pamapeto, Amasonkhezera kampasi mmene kanyamaka kumunda. ndondomeko udzadutsa danga, kukumbatirana mfundo akutiakuti.