Yankho la funso la chimene zizindikiro sizachilendo kwa chordates

M'nkhani ino tikambirana funso la chimene makhalidwe sizachilendo kwa chordates. Oimira mtundu amadziŵika zochokera zingapo zochititsa khalidwe. Kupeza akuluakulu.

Choncho zizindikiro sizachilendo kwa chordates? Tiyeni tiyambe ndi chosokonekera amgwirizano. Mbali imeneyi ndi mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri.

bilateralism

chordates onse yodziwika ndi amgwirizano (amgwirizano) chosokonekera. Kapangidwe chomwecho ndi mmene ena phyla metazoan kuyambira mphutsi m'munsi. Amgwirizano chosokonekera akuimira mphindi zofunika zamoyo wa zamoyo multicellular. The kusintha kwa kayendedwe yogwira m'malo zingakhale kugwirizana ndi intensification chakudya ndi mlingo kagayidwe kachakudya, zosiyanasiyana zamoyo ndi kuwonjezera osiyanasiyana malo alipo malo okhala okhazikika.

thupi Secondary M'mimbamo (lonse)

The chachiwiri lalikulu sitepe mu kasinthidwe wa nyama kunali mapangidwe a sekondale M'mimbamo thupi (lonse). gawo limayamba ndi annelids lapansi. Tanthauzo zamoyo yachiwiri thupi M'mimbamo amagwirizana ndi kayendedwe zina ndi kutsegula mphamvu. Mu bespolostnoy pervichnopolostnyh ndi nyama matumbo parenhimaticheskoy atazunguliridwa ndi minofu lotayirira madzimadzi thupi, kayendedwe ka chakudya mu m'mimba contractions thirakiti opangidwa khungu-akulu sac, amene yomweyo chifukwa ndi kupata kayendedwe ka thupi lonse. M'mawu ena, kuchepetsa thupi lonse ndi matumbo maloboti, omwe biologically si nthawi zonse zipindula kwa chimbudzi ogwira.

Zadzidzidzi thupi sekondale M'mimbamo amene alekanitsa m'matumbo ndi thumba khungu-akulu, ndi maonekedwe omwe matumbo musculature anapangidwa kuchokera mesoderm, kupereka kuthekera palokha ayende maulendo m'mimba motility. Aliyense mwa ntchitozo zofunika - kayendedwe danga ndi ntchito m'mimba - chapangitsidwa malingana zofunika zachilengedwe, siisonyeza mzake. Pankhaniyi, lonse kungathandize yothandizira, wokhala "mafupa hydrostatic."

Mofanana kwambiri ndi ntchito zina wonse - zoyendera. Outgrowths izo likulowerera mozama minofu ndi kuonetsetsa azipeza zakudya ndi oxygen. Pamaziko a protrusions matumbo anapanga mitsempha ya magazi. Pa lonse, chikugwirizana ndi ziwalo excretory. Choncho, potengera yachiwiri thupi M'mimbamo anathandiza kuwombola minofu ndi mlingo limba.

Onse chordates wa ku vtorichnopolostnym nyama phylogenetically zikugwirizana ndi amenewa mitundu monga annelid mphutsi, bryozoans, brachiopods, arthropods, echinoderms, pogonophores ndi ena. Vtorichnopolostnye tinachokera kwa wakale coelenterates.

deuterostome

Poganizira zizindikiro wamba chordates (subtype bescherepnyh), tisaiwale ndi deuterostome. zamoyo zonse vtorichnopolostnye anawagawa nthambi ziwiri: protostomes ndi deuterostome. maina Gulu kugwirizana ndi mbali ya chitukuko embryonic: mu malo oyamba limafanana ndi m'kamwa mwa blastopore, amene lagawidwa m'kamwa ndi chotulukira, ndipo kachiwiri blastopore ntchito amalandira chotulukira, mkamwa ndi chiswa mu malo ena. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo hemichordates, echinoderms, chordates ndi pogonophores. Zina zonse zinyama vtorichnopolostnyh protostomes.

Koma kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiri awa ndi ofunika kuposa udindo wa pakamwa. Choyamba, iwo amasiyana maphunziro khalidwe lonse: ambiri protostomes zambiri anapanga skhizotselno (by komanso yogawanika ya mesenchyme), ndipo mesoderm amapezeka ndi kusamuka maselo kuti patsekeke kwa minofu moyandikana (teloblastichesky mtundu). Mu deuterostome enterocoel lonse, akufotokozera ndi wophatikizidwa protrusions matumbo: makoma awo kungadzutse pepala mesodermal. Kuwonjezera protostomes yodziwika ndi dongosolo lotseguka magazi ndi "makwerero" mtundu Kapangidwe ka chapakati mantha dongosolo, pamene dongosolo deuterostome magazi nthumanzi chatsekedwa, ndipo chapakati mantha dongosolo ali ndi dongosolo losiyana, mmene m'madera munthu zambiri kupanga masango waukulu wa maselo a ubongo.

wonena za chordates

Kuwonjezera zizindikiro zimenezi amagwera chordates onse, koma zimapezekanso nyama zina monga oimira chidwi kwa ife ndi ena wonena za kukonza. Chief pakati pawo tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane ina.

poyambira

chordates onse ndi mkati ofananira mafupa, chinthu chachikulu chimene - ndi poyambira. Ndi chingwe zotanuka lopangidwa vacuolated maselo n'kupanga minofu cartilaginous chiyambi endodermal. Poyambira tikukhala nkhani ya minofu connective. Ntchito yake yaikulu - akuthandiza; ofananira mafupa amathandiza kusunga mawonekedwe thupi. The ubwenzi wabwino ndi ozungulira musculature ndi ofananira sayenda wa kumlingo, elasticity ndi anatsimikiza poyambira mbali kupinda lateral za thupi, kupanga kusuntha translational mu wandiweyani amadzimadzi sing'anga.

The notochord ndi dongosolo lapadera mafupa ofananira, alipo yekha mu mitundu m'munsi mwa oimira; mu inakhala ambiri yaikidwa mu nthawi embryonic chitukuko, koma pambuyo pake m'malo mwa msana, akutulukira mu minofu yake connective m'chimake. Mu yopimira zamoyo funso limodzi: "Kodi zizindikiro sizachilendo kwa chordates ndi nsomba?". Yankho lolondola limodzi - "kukhalapo poyambira pa." Msana nsomba kenako adzatenge ntchito zake zonse (kuphatikizapo locomotor) ndipo inakhala lapadziko - makamaka thandizo; okhudzidwa ake mwachindunji ayende maulendo m'malo ndi thandizo ntchito magawo munthu wa dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa.

Kapangidwe tubular wa chapakati mantha dongosolo

Dongosolo chapakati mantha a chubu ndi M'mimbamo mkati - mosamalitsa yeniyeni Mbali mtundu chordates. Chifukwa kutchera ya ectodermal ubongo mbale embryogenesis zina apangidwe mu chubu, mkati mwa chingwe Choncho anapanga amapezeka M'mimbamo - nevrotsel (m'njira msana), wodzazidwa ndi madzimadzi cerebrospinal.

Tafotokoza si onse mbali chordates. Kukuuzani inu chinthu chimodzi kwambiri.

gill anatumbula

Mbali khalidwe la anthu a mtundu ndife chidwi n'chakuti gawo kutsogolo kwa machubu matumbo a nyama atawathira slits gill - maenje polumikiza M'mimbamo wa pharynx (dzina dipatimentiyi izi) ndi chilengedwe kunja. Zadzidzidzi gill slits kugwirizana ndi khalidwe fyuluta mphamvu: madzi therethrough ejected pambuyo kulekana kwa particles chakudya amene amabwera mu intestine lapansi.

pomaliza

Choncho, tinakambirana za zimene zizindikiro sizachilendo kwa chordates. Kuchokera pa iwo, komanso makhalidwe ena zina mwa oimira mtundu uwu ndi wosiyana ena. M'pofunika osati kuloweza, komanso kumvetsa wamba zizindikiro za chordates. Table, yomwe ili pansipa, lili ndi mfundo zimene subtypes ndi makalasi anawagawa nthumwi zake zonse.

Tikukhulupirira zinthu m'nkhani ino zathandiza kumvetsa mbali ya mtundu uwu.