Zida zankhondo - mulungu wa nkhondo? Zida zankhondo Wachiwiri World

"The zida zankhondo - mulungu wa nkhondo" - anali pofotokoza I. V. Stalin, kuyankhula za za mtundu wina ofunika kwambiri a asilikali. Ndi mawu amenewa, iye anali kuyesera kutsindika kufunika kwa kuti anali ndi zida zimenezi pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Ndipo mawu awa ali owona, monga nyota za zida zankhondo sangathe kukambapo. mphamvu zake analola asilikali Soviet mwankhanza akumenyetsa adani komanso kufikira zofunika Great Chigonjetso.

Kenako m'nkhani ino tikambirana ndi zida zankhondo za World Chachiwiri, amene anali pamenepo mu utumiki wa Nazi ku Germany ndi ku Soviet Union, kuyambira ndi kuwala mfuti odana ndi thanki ndi kutha superheavy mfuti-mizukwa.

mfuti odana thanki

Pamene mbiri ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World mfuti kuwala ndi lalikulu anasonyeza pafupifupi chopanda pake polimbana magalimoto oti muli nazo zida. chakuti kawirikawiri zinakonzedwa zaka interwar, ndipo akhoza kulimbana chitetezo ofooka yekha wa magalimoto woyamba oti muli nazo zida. Koma isanayambe Wachiwiri World Technology ndi mofulumira modernize. Zida akasinja kukhala thicker kwambiri, mitundu ambiri zida kwadzaoneni chakale.

Nthawi yatsoka wa zimagalimoto kutali outstripped chitukuko cha m'badwo watsopano wa mfuti. Mfuti oyeretsa, amene ankagwira kunkhondo, anadabwa kumva anaona kuti mwandondomeko-motsogozedwa awo mivi kuti si kugunda akasinja. Zida zankhondo anali wopanda mphamvu kuchita chilichonse. Zipolopolo chabe bounced pa Corps oti muli nazo zida, popanda kuwachititsa vuto lililonse.

Yowotcha osiyanasiyana mu kuwala mfuti odana thanki ochepa, choncho mfuti adalira anafunika kudzisamalira okha adani ndi mtunda kwambiri ndi kum'menya motsimikiza. Pomaliza, izi zida zankhondo World nkhondo II anakankhidwira ku maziko ndi ntchito ngati moto thandizo la oyenda pa yatsoka ndi.

munda zida zankhondo

Liwiro koyamba ndi pazipita ndege osiyanasiyana zipolopolo munda zida zankhondo pa nthawi imeneyo kunathandiza kwambiri kukonzekera onse a ntchito nagonjetsa mphamvu ya miyeso kumbuyo. Chowomberedwa ndi mfuti udzalepheretsa ufulu kayendedwe ka mdani, ndipo akhoza kwathunthu kuwononga mizere onse okwanira. Mu kamphindi kwambiri ya zida zankhondo nkhondo kumunda (ungaone zithunzi m'nkhani) kawirikawiri opulumutsidwa ndi asilikali ake anathandiza kupambana chigonjetso. Mwachitsanzo, pankhondo ku France mu 1940, Germany ntchito zake 105-millimeter mfuti leFH 18. Dziwani kuti Germany zambiri mgonjetsi mu duels zida zankhondo ndi mabatire mdani.

Field mfuti zakale ndi Red Army, zinali 76.2-millimeter Cannon, 1942 kumasulidwa. Iye anali ndithu mkulu kuipanikiza mathamangidwe, zomwe zimachititsa mosavuta anagumula chitetezo zida German. Komanso, mfuti Soviet a kalasi ndi osiyanasiyana okwanira alipo zinthu patali yabwino kwa iwo. Weruzani nokha: mtunda kuti akhoza kuwuluka yozungulira zambiri kuposa 12 Km! Izi zinathandiza asilikali Soviet ndi malo akutali kumbuyo kulepheretsa pasadakhale mdani.

Choona chidwi n'chakuti mu 1942, mfuti ya nyemba nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World kuti anamasulidwa kwambiri kwambiri kuposa amuna ena zida za mtundu womwewo. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, makope, ndipo adakali pa Russian Army.

mortars

Mwina angakwanitse komanso zothandiza oyenda thandizo zida mortars. Iwo mwangwiro amaphatikiza katundu monga zosiyanasiyana ndipo firepower, kotero ntchito zawo amene wakwanitsa kusintha njira ya zonse zonyansa mdani.

German asilikali kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito 80mm "Granatverfer 34." chida ichi yapindula kudziwika pakati pa anagwirizana asilikali a liwiro mkulu ndipo kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane mfuti. Kuwonjezera mtunda ake kuwombera anali 2400 m.

Red Army ntchito moto thandizo la oyenda awo 120mm M1938, analowa utumiki mu 1939. Iye anali woyamba wa mortars ndi likungosonyeza kuti munapitako opangidwa ndi ntchito ya kumapeto dziko. Pamene asilikali a ku Germany anakumana ndi zida nkhondo, iwo anazindikira mphamvu yake, ndipo kenako ndinayamba kupanga ndi inaikidwa monga "Granatverfer-42." M1932 kulemedwa makilogalamu 285 ndipo anali yakula maganizo matope amene anali oyenda kuukoka ndi palokha. Kuti tichite zimenezi wake kapena zidutswa mu magawo angapo, kapena kukokedwa pa trolley wapadera. kuwombera wake osiyanasiyana anali mamita 400 poyerekeza cha German "Granatverfera 34."

kudziletsa injini wagawo

Mu masabata loyamba la nkhondo, zinadziwika kuti oyenda zedi akufunika kuti atithandize moto. The German asilikali nawo chopinga mu mawonekedwe a maudindo bwino-mipanda yolimba kwambiri ndi ndende lalikulu la asilikali mdani. Ndiye iwo anaganiza kulimbitsa moto zake thandizo mafoni zida zankhondo kudziletsa injini 105 mamilimita unsembe "Vespa", kukazikoloŵeka pa thankiyo galimotoyo PzKpfw II. zida zina - "Hummel" - anali gawo la Moto ndi thanki magulu kuyambira 1942.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Red Army anaonekera zida kudziletsa injini mfuti SU 76 mfuti, 76,2 mm. Iwo anali wokwera pa galimotoyo kusinthidwa kwa thanki kuwala T-70. Poyamba, SU 76 akuyembekezeka ntchito monga thanki wowonongayo, koma m'kupita kwa tanthauzo lake ankadziwa kuti iye anali kuchita firepower zocheperatu.

M'chaka cha 1943, asilikali a Soviet analandira galimoto latsopano - ISU 152. Iwo anali okonzeka ndi howitzer 152.4 mm ndipo chinali choti chiwonongeko cha akasinja ndi mafoni zida zankhondo ndi oyenda moto thandizo. Choyamba, mfuti wokwera pa thankiyo galimotoyo HF-1, ndiyeno pa IC. Nkhondo, chida ichi watsimikizira kukhala kwambiri moti anali mu utumiki wa asilikali Soviet, komanso maiko Warsaw ke kwa 70 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo.

Soviet lolemera zida zankhondo

Mtundu uwu wa zida unali wofunika kwambiri mu njira ya Nkhondo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. The aakulu a zida zankhondo alipo ndiye operekedwa Red Army, anali howitzer M1931 B-4 likungosonyeza wa 203 mm. Pamene asilikali Union anayamba kusokoneza pasadakhale mofulumira ankhondowo German a m'gawo lake ndi nkhondo pa East Front anayamba malo amodzi chikhalidwe, zida zankhondo katundu anali, monga iwo amati, mu malo awo.

Koma kutukula nthawi zonse kuti njira yabwino. Ntchito yawo inali kulenga chida chimene zingatheke mogwirizana blended makhalidwe monga kulemera otsika, osiyanasiyana wabwino ndi projectiles yakula. Ndipo chida chinalengedwa. Anakhala 152-millimeter howitzer ml-20. Patapita Asilikali Soviet alandira zambiri modernized chida M1943 ndi likungosonyeza chomwecho, koma ndi mbiya zolemeletsedwa ndi lalikulu kuipanikiza ananyema.

Kumenyana magulu a Soviet Union opangidwa ndi chipani chachikulu pamene howitzers chotero, chomwe chinachititsa kuti mdani anasonkhanidwa moto. Zida zankhondo kwenikweni anawononga malo German, ndipo potero adalimkubudula mdani mapulani zolawula. Chitsanzo ndi opareshoni "Mphepo", limene bwinobwino ikuchitika mu 1942. chifukwa chake chinali lazungulira pa Stalingrad, ndi German 6 Army. Kuchitila ake ntchito oposa 13 zikwi mfuti a mitundu yosiyanasiyana.. Zidzachuluka mphamvu yokonza zida zankhondo unachitika nkhondo. Zinali iye amene anathandiza kwambiri pasadakhale mofulumira mphamvu Soviet oti muli nazo zida ndi oyenda.

zida German lolemera

Malinga Versailles Pangano pambuyo yoyamba ya padziko lonse mu Germany aletsa mfuti ndi likungosonyeza 150 mamilimita kapena zambiri. Choncho mwamphamvu waluso "Krupp" kumatanthauza kukhala ndi mfuti yatsopano, anali kulenga katundu munda howitzer sFH 18 149.1 mm mbiya, wopangidwa mwa chubu, ndi breech casing.

Pa chiyambi cha nkhondo ya German katundu howitzer kuyenda ndi kavalo samatha. Koma patapita anali Baibulo modernized a kale anakokera theka njanji thalakitala, kupanga zambiri yam'manja. Asilikali German bwinobwino ntchito kwa East Front. Pakutha kwa nkhondo howitzer sFH 18 wokwera pa thankiyo galimotoyo. Kotero, ine mfuti kudziletsa injini, "Hummel."

Soviet Katyusha

asilikali zida ndi zida zankhondo - ndi limodzi la magulu a asilikali dziko. Ntchito mivi pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World anali makamaka chifukwa kumenyana zikuluzikulu pa East Front. Wamphamvu maroketi moto yokutidwa m'madera chachikulu kuposa kuchepetsa ena inaccuracy zida unguided. Poyerekeza ndi mivi ochiritsira mivi ndalama zinali zochepa kwambiri, komanso anawalenga iwo mwamsanga. Ubwino wina ndi kuphweka wachibale wa ntchito zawo.

Soviet roketi zida zankhondo panthawi ya nkhondo ntchito 132-millimeter zipolopolo za M-13. Zinalengedwa mu 1930 ndipo pa nthawi imeneyo, ngati Nazi Germany anaukira Soviet Union, anali zedi ochepa. miyala iyi mwinamwake yotchuka kwambiri zipolopolo onsewa ntchito pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Pang'onopang'ono iwo anakhazikitsa kupanga awo, ndi kumapeto kwa 1941, M-13. ntchito pa nkhondo yolimbana Nazi.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti asilikali zida ndi zida zankhondo ya Red Army, dziko la Germany Inabuka mantha kuti chifukwa cha mphamvu kuposa kale lonse komanso mphamvu ya wakupha chida latsopano. Launchers BM-13-16 anaikidwa pa magalimoto ndi njanji ndi zipolopolo 16. Kenako, kachitidwe chida tidzakhala anthu odziwika monga "Katyusha". Pa nthawi iwo akweza kangapo ndi wopangidwa ndi Soviet Army mpaka 80 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Mkubwela kwa chombo launchers akuti "zida zankhondo - mulungu wa nkhondo" linayamba amaona choonadi.

German launchers roketi

A mtundu watsopano wa chida analola kupulumutsa nkhondowo mbali discontinuous yaikulu ndi yaing'ono patali. Choncho, miyala yochepa osiyanasiyana anaikira firepower awo pa mipherezero ili mu mzere kutsogolo, koma ndi ndege yaitali chida anamenyedwa pa zinthu imakhala kuseri mizere mdani.

The Germany analinso roketi yake zida zankhondo. "Vurframen 40" - German roketi Launcher, amene atakutidwa mu theka-njanji Sd.Kfz.251 luso. Roketi zooms kuti cholinga popotoloka makina. Nthawi zina kachitidwe tikuuzidwa kunkhondo monga zida zankhondo towed.

Nthawi zambiri, a ku Germany ntchito roketi Launcher "Nebelverfer 41", adali ndi kapangidwe ka chisa. Mpheroyi njanji asanu tubular ndipo yakwera chikuku awiri mawiro. Koma pa nkhondo chida ichi chinali zoopsa osati kwa mdani komanso mawerengedwe awo chifukwa kukoka kuchokera mipope zasoplovogo lawi.

Kulemera zipolopolo roketi injini kunathandiza yaikulu osiyanasiyana ndege zawo. Choncho, anali ndi chidwi asilikali mwayi kuti asilikali amene zida zankhondo akhoza kugunda mipherezero ili utsalira mzere wa mdani. German mivi katundu zinali zothandiza okha moto pamwamba, pamene kunali koyenera kuti kuononga zinthu bwino-mipanda yolimba kwambiri, monga bunkers, magalimoto oti muli nazo zida ndipo zosiyanasiyana chitetezo.

Dziwani kuti zida zankhondo moto Germany ndi zambiri otsika mu Launcher osiyanasiyana Katyusha roketi chifukwa cha zipolopolo kwambiri kulemera.

mfuti superheavy

Mphamvu Hitler zida ndi udindo wofunika kwambiri nyimbo ndi zida zankhondo za. Izi zonse kwambiri, n'zosadabwitsa kuti pafupifupi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa makina Nazi nkhondo, monga akatswiri a masiku ano chifukwa ena amakonda kuika awo pa phunziro la mbiri ya Luftwaffe (Air Force).

Ngakhale kumapeto kwa nkhondo okonza German ankagwira ntchito watsopano chachikulu oti muli nazo zida galimoto - ndi zinachitika a thanki yaikulu, poyerekeza ndi zomwe zina za zida za nkhondo ankaoneka kumiza. The ntchito P1500 "chilombo" analibe nthawi kuzitsatira. Amadziwika yekha kuti thanki angaganizire matani 1.5. Izo zinakonzedwa kuti iye zida ndi 80 centimeter mfuti "Gustav" mwamphamvu "Krupp". Dziwani kuti kutukula ake mbatinyerezera chachikulu, imadalira ndi zida zankhondo. chida ichi analowa utumiki ndi asilikali Nazi pa kuzinga Sevastopol. Cannon anapanga okwana akatemera 48, kenako anaberekera avale.

Njanji mfuti K-12 anali mu utumiki 701 TH zida zankhondo batire anaima pa Channel gombe. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, zipolopolo awo, pamene iwo kulemedwa makilogalamu 107,5, anagwidwa mipherezero angapo kum'mwera kwa England. Izi zida zankhondo zoopsa mbozi anali gawo lawo T woboola pakati, zifunika kukhazikitsa ndi kutsata.

ziwerengero

Monga tanenera kale, mayiko a asilikali amene anali nawo Nkhondo ya 1939-1945, anabwera ku nkhondo ndi mfuti chakale kapena pang'ono akweza. inefficiencies awo onse anapeza kwathunthu World nkhondo II. Zida zankhondo ndi Zinkafunikiradi osati pomwe, komanso kuonjezera kuchuluka kwake.

Kuyambira 1941 mpaka 1944, Germany yatulusa oposa 102 zikwi. Mfuti ndi likungosonyeza osiyana ndi 70 zikwi. Mortars. Ndi nthawi ya kuukira Soviet Union, Germany kale za 47 chikwi. Zida zankhondo zidutswa, ndipo sakhala ndi zida kumenya. Ngati timatenga Mwachitsanzo United States, iwo ali a nthawi yomweyo kutulutsa pafupifupi 150 zikwi. Mfuti. Britain anakwanitsa kutulutsa 70. zikwi Zida a kalasi.. Koma mbiri pa mpikisano umenewu unali ku Soviet Union: nkhondo zaka munali chikalata oposa 480 zikwi mfuti mortars, za 350 zikwi ... Izi zisanachitike, Soviet Union kale anali TH utumiki 67. Mbiya. chithunzi ichi chapatsidwa popanda kutenga nkhani 50-millimeter mortars, zida zankhondo ndi odana ndi ndege mfuti ya apanyanja.

M'zaka za World nkhondo II zida zankhondo mayiko waukali lasintha kwambiri. Zonse mu magulu analandira kapena akweza kapena kwathunthu zipangizo zatsopano. Makamaka kutukuka kwambiri, ndi odana ndi kudzikonda injini zida zankhondo (zithunzi za nthawi zimene zikusonyeza mphamvu yake). Malinga ndi akatswiri ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, pafupifupi theka la imfa ya asilikali m'dziko chifukwa cha ntchito matope pa nkhondo.