MANPADS "mbola": makhalidwe ndi poyerekeza ndi analogues

Mwa zida ano, ambiri primyanyaemogo pankhondo m'deralo, yofunika kwambiri ndi ankaimba ndi MANPADS. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito zonse mu magulu a limati zosiyanasiyana ndi zigawenga polimbana ndi mipherezero mpweya. Buku ili mtundu wa chida amati ndi MANPADS American "mbola".

Mbiri ya chilengedwe ndi kukhazikitsa

MANPADS "mbola" wakhala ndi kupangidwa mu US kampani General Mphamvu. Kuyambira a dongosolo lino zida amatanthauza 1967. Mu 1971, MANPADS lingaliro anali ovomerezedwa ndi Army US ndi kutengedwa ngati zinachitika kupititsa patsogolo m'tsogolo pansi pa chizindikiro FIM 92. Chaka chotsatira inalandiridwa ndi dzina chinenero cha "mbola" omwe anamasuliridwa kuchokera English. Amatanthauza "ululu".

Chifukwa mavuto luso loyamba lenileni chida imalankhula ku zovuta anatenga malo okhawo m'ma 1975. Siriyo yopanga MANPADS "mbola" inayamba mu 1978 ndi cholinga m'malo lotha MANPADS FIM 43 Red Diso zimatulutsa kuyambira 1968.

Kuwonjezera pa chitsanzo lalikulu linali anayamba ndi kutulutsa oposa khumi ndi Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana chida.

Kuchuluka mu dziko

Monga taonera, MANPADS "mbola" anakwanitsa MANPADS machitidwe "Red Diso". mivi yake ndi njira yochitira ndi mipherezero mpweya otsika okwera. Panopa maofesi a mtundu wa ntchito ndi asilikali a United States ndi mayiko ena 29, iwo amapangidwa ndi Raytheon chida KA pansi chilolezo ndi EADS ku Germany. zida dongosolo "mbola" amapereka odalirika mpweya chitetezo kwa patsogolo lapadziko mafoni mayunitsi asilikali. nkhondowo nchito zake zatsimikiziridwa pankhondo zinayi zikuluzikulu, zomwe ndi thandizo wake wawonongedwa oposa 270 nkhondowo ndege Helicopters.

Cholinga ndi makhalidwe

Ankaona MANPADS - ndi opepuka, kudzikonda zili mpweya chitetezo dongosolo kuti akhoza mofulumira kufalitsidwa pa nsanja nkhondo nthawi iliyonse nkhondo. Pakuti chimene zolinga za MANPADS "mbola" ingagwiritsidwe? Features mivi, motsogozedwa microprocessors reprogrammable akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zonsezi kuyambira Helicopters mu mode "mpweya mpweya" kulimbana mipherezero mpweya, komanso chitetezo mu mode "nthaka ndi mpweya". Chikadzangotha kukhazikitsidwa kwa gunner ndi ufulu kuthawa, kupewa kubwerera moto, motero kukwaniritsa chitetezo ndi kuphana ake mogwira mtima.

The roketi ali kutalika 1,52 mamita ndi awiri a 70 mamilimita ndi kutalika kwa 10 cm anayi pamalo kuuluka bwino potsatira njira ulamuliro (awiri amene ali makina, ndipo awiri - zotchezera) pa uta. Iwo akulemera makilogalamu 10,1, pamene kulemera kwa chombo kuchokera Launcher ndi za 15,2 makilogalamu.

Mitundu ya MANPADS "mbola"

- FIM-92A: buku loyamba.

- FIM - 92C: roketi ndi reprogrammiruemym microprocessor. Zotsatira za kusokonezedwa kunja wakhala kulipidwa powonjezera wamphamvu kwambiri digito zigawo kompyuta. Komanso, Launch mapulogalamu akhala tsopano reconfigured kuti kwa kanthawi kochepa mwamsanga ndi mogwira mtima ingapezeke countermeasures (jamming ndi decoys). Isanafike 1991, pafupifupi 20 000 mayunitsi okha Army US unayambitsidwa.

- FIM-92D: zosintha Various ankagwiritsa ntchito Baibulo ili kuti kuonjezera asanazolowere kusokonezedwa.

- FIM-92E: roketi ndi reprogrammiruemym microprocessor Block I. Kuwonjezera latsopano rollover sensa, mapulogalamu younikanso ndi kasamalidwe zachititsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino kwambiri mu ulamuliro chida ndege. Komanso, dzuwa chiwonongeko cha mipherezero kochepa, monga drones, miyala sitima ndi ndege za helikoputala kuwala reconnaissance wakhala bwino. The makontena woyamba inayamba mu 1995. Pafupifupi katundu lonse la mivi "mbola" mu United States wakhala m'malo mwa Baibulo ichi.

- FIM-92F: anapitiriza kusintha kwa E-Baibulo ndi buku la yopanga panopa.

- FIM - 92G: mosadziwika zosintha kwa njira D.

- FIM - 92H: D-mwina bwino kwa mlingo wa E-Baibulo.

- FIM-92I: roketi ndi reprogrammiruemym microprocessor Block II. Baibulo wakhala anakonza zachokera Baibulo E. Kutsata m'gulu infuraredi homing. Mu kusinthidwa ichi, mtunda chandamale kudziwika ndi mphamvu yogonjetsera kusokonezedwa anali kwambiri kuchuluka. Komanso, kapangidwe kusintha kwambiri pa osiyanasiyana kanthu. Ngakhale kuti ntchito anafika siteji kuyezetsa, ndondomeko ndi mipingo mu 2002 zifukwa bajeti.

- FIM-92J: maroketi ndi reprogrammiruemym microprocessor Block Ine akweza zigawo chakale kutalikitsa moyo ndi zaka 10. warhead nazonso okonzeka ndi moyandikana lama fuyusi kwa dzuwa ndi drones.

ADSM, yimitsira kachitidwe mpweya chitetezo: a zosinthika ndi zina chabe Rada homing, njira iyi itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi makhazikitsidwe Rada.

njira chida Launch

MPADS American "mbola" (FIM 92) limapangidwa mzinga cholinga 92 unazunguliridwa mu zovuta udaroustojchivyj reusable Launch canister. Pa onse ikutha ndi chatsekedwa lids. Kutsogolo kwa iwo akudutsa infuraredi ndi ultraviolet poizoniyu, amene kusanthula homing. Pa chiyambi-mmwamba, chivundikiro wathyoka roketi. Chikutiro cha chidebe waonongeka mpweya ndege kuchokera chilimbikitso cha. Chifukwa chakuti accelerator nozzles anakonza obliquely ndi ulemu kwa chida olamulira, komabe pa kubwereketsa wa Launch chidebe ndi amapeza ndi makina apaulendo. Pambuyo amasulidwe chida ku chidebe mchira mbali ndi kuwuluridwa stabilizer anayi anakonza pa ngodya kwa thupi. Mu njira iyi za nguli mu ndege opaleshoni makokedwe.

Pambuyo kuchoka kwa chida pa mtunda wa mamita 8 boosters ndi woyendetsa wosiyana ake ndipo anayamba kuguba awiri gawo galimoto. Iwo Iyamba chida mathamangidwe kwa 2.2 mamita (750 m / s) ndipo amakhala kwa ndege lonse.

njira kwa aiming ndi kabotolo maroketi

Tipitirize kuganizira wotchuka MANPADS US. "Mbola" amagwiritsa ntchito chabe infuraredi mipherezero wosaka mpweya. Zilibe zimatulutsa cheza amene angazindikire ndege, koma m'malo detects infuraredi mphamvu (kutentha) anamasulidwa zolinga aeronautical. Popeza MANPADS "mbola" ukugwira ntchito mwa chabe mode homing, chida ichi limafanana ndi mfundo ya "moto ndi kuiwala", amene sikutanthauza malangizo aliwonse kuchokera woyendetsa pambuyo kuwombera, mosiyana ndi mivi zina tiyenera kusintha njira yodutsamo awo kuchokera pansi. Ichi chizathandiza woyendetsa kuti "mbola" wokonzeka kuti akunde ntchito zina nthawi yomweyo pambuyo kuwombera pa.

Mtundu warhead zachiwawa ali yolemera makilogalamu 3 ndi kukhudza mtundu lama fuyusi ndi kudziononga wokha powerengetsera. warhead The imakhala ya infuraredi-kachipangizo zolinga crawler kusakaniza gawo ndi paundi imodzi mabomba mkulu, unazunguliridwa mu yamphamvu ya titaniyamu pyrophoric. Lama fuyusi ndi otetezedwa kwambiri ndipo salola chida Kusokoneza mtundu uliwonse wa poizoni mu atomu nkhondo. Iwo analongosola kuti akhoza kuphulitsa pamene kuwombana cholinga kapena chifukwa okha kuti amapezeka mu nthawi ya masekondi 15 mpaka 19 pambuyo chiyambi.

Latsopano akuonadi chipangizo

Atsopano mabaibulo MANPADS okonzeka ndi AN / Pasi-18 pamaso zonse. Izi cholimba, opepuka matenthedwe pamaso, amene yakwera Launch canister, kupereka mphamvu kukhazikitsa mivi nthawi iliyonse tsiku. chipangizo lakonzedwa kuti azindikire ndege Helicopters kunja osiyanasiyana pazipita chida cha.

Ntchito yaikulu ya AN / Pasi-18 - bwino mu MANPADS. Iwo amagwira ntchito mu osiyanasiyana yemweyo wa sipekitiramu mu atomu ngati IR mivi wosaka, ndi detects aliyense magwero cheza infuraredi, amene angazindikire ndi roketi. Mbali imeneyi imathandizanso thandizo ntchito usiku anaziika. Ntchito kuonera ndi sipekitiramu infuraredi, AN / Pasi-18 akulola gunner kupereka kutsata MPADS kuwombera mu mdima kwathunthu ndi zinthu otsika aone (mwachitsanzo, chifunga, fumbi ndi utsi). Tsiku kapena usiku AN / Pasi-18 angazindikire ndege pa okwera mkulu. M'mikhalidwe mulingo woyenera, kudziwika mwina pa mtunda wa makilomita 20 mpaka 30. AN / Pasi-18, zothandiza wamng'onong'ono mu kupeza ndege pa okwera otsika, zouluka kulunjika woyendetsa lapansi. Pamene utsi plume ndege zobisika thupi, izo sichingapezeke, malinga ndi kunja m'dera la 8-10 makilomita kutali woyendetsa lapansi. Kudziwika osiyanasiyana kumawonjezera pamene ndege akasintha kolowera ake a ndege, kupereka pulogalamuyo mwini utsi. AN / Pasi-18 ndi wokonzeka ntchito masekondi 10 pambuyo mphamvu mmwamba. Izo zoyendetsedwa ndi batire lifiyamu amene amapereka maola 6-12 moyo batire. AN / Pasi-18 ndi wothandiza chida Night masomphenya ndi alibe kusamvana anafunika kuzindikira ndegeyo.

nkhondowo ntchito

Pokonzekera ntchito chidebe kuti choyambitsa kudzera spetszamkov akulowa choyambitsa, amene preset mu magetsi. Iye pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe ndi cholumikizira pulagi chikugwirizana ndi batire la. Kuwonjezera pa bolodi maukonde kudzera Roketi nozzle chikugwirizana ndi thanki madzi ndi mpweya inert. chipangizo china chofunika ndi zolinga wagawo chizindikiritso pa dongosolo "mnzanu kapena mdani" (IFF). dongosolo mlongoti ali ndi khalidwe kwambiri "gululi" maonekedwe amenenso Ufumuyo limagwirira choyambitsa.

Kodi anthu ambiri akufunika kuchita chida kukhazikitsidwa kwa MANPADS "mbola"? Features kumulola kutero ndi woyendetsa limodzi, ngakhale mwalamulo pa utumiki amafuna anthu awiri. Pankhaniyi, nambala kachiwiri kuyan'anila mpweya malo. Pamene chandamale ndi wapezeka, muvi woyendetsa amaponya ya phewa n'kupita naye kwa cholinga. Pamene adani ake infuraredi chida wosaka lomveka ndi kugwedera alamu, ndiye woyendetsa ayenera kukankhira spetsknopki razarretirovat gyrostabilized nsanja amene amangokhalira zouluka amodzi malo ake pansi, kupereka yomweyo malo a ulamuliro chida. Adamtsata ndi kukanikiza choyambitsa, kenako madzi inert mpweya chifukwa yozizira infuraredi wosaka akulowa homing chida ku chidebe pa bolodi, kuyamba kugwira ntchito mu ndege batire amatayidwa ndi detachable mphamvu pulagi yoyendetsedwa ndi squib Launch chilimbikitso.

Kodi kutali akuponya "mbola"?

Kuwombera osiyanasiyana MANPADS "mbola" kutalika kwa 3500 m. The chida akufunafuna kuunika infuraredi (kutentha) opangidwa ndi injini ya chandamale ndege, ndipo njirayo ndege, kutsatira izi cheza gwero infuraredi. Maroketi komanso kudziwa UV "mthunzi" chabe wa chandamale chinthu ndi ntchito kuunikila chandamale pa maziko a zinthu zina zimene zimabweretsa kutentha.

Osiyanasiyana MANPADS "mbola" kuthamangitsa cholinga osiyanasiyana Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana a izo. Choncho, kwa chimake zoyambirira za osiyanasiyana pazipita ndi wofanana 4750 m, ndi chifukwa Baibulo FIM-92E mpaka akafika 8 Km.

TTX MANPADS "mbola"

Russian MANPADS "Igla"

Imathamanga chidwi kuyerekeza makhalidwe a MANPADS "mbola" ndi "Igla-S" anavomera ndi Russian Army mu 2001. chithunzi chili m'munsichi chikusonyeza nthawi mpirawo MANPADS "Igla-S".

Onse maofesi pafupi kulemera mivi kuti: "mbola" - 10, 1 makilogalamu, chifukwa "Singano-C" - 11,7, ngakhale chida Russian 135 mm yaitali. Koma m'mimba mwake wa thupi mabomba onse ali pafupi kwambiri: 70 ndi 72 mm, motero. Onse angathe kumenya mipherezero ikakhala ku mamita 3500 ndi infuraredi homing warhead kulemera pafupifupi wofanana.

Ndipo mmene ofanana makhalidwe ena a MANPADS "mbola" ndi "singano"? Yerekezerani mapulogalamu awo kuyandikira parity mwayi, amene kamodzinso zimatsimikizira kuti mlingo wa ntchito ina Soviet chitetezo akhoza anakulira Russia ku zitsanzo zabwino yachilendo ya zida.