Ndakatulo Yan Raynis: yonena, zimaonetsa kulenga, chidwi mfundo

Yan Raynis - amadziwika Chilativiya ndakatulo, wolemba wolemekezeka, woganiza ndi wandale, amene wakhala akuthandiza kwambiri pa mapangidwe Pawokha chikhalidwe ndi mitundu anthu a m'dziko lawo pa nthawi ya mapangidwe ufulu wodzilamulira.

ubwana

Janis Pliekshans (dzina la wolemba, adampatsa iye pobadwa) anabadwa September 11, 1865 mu malo Tadenava - kumidzi ngodya ambiri Latvia ili Courland. Yapafupi likulu la chikhalidwe chawo kwa dziko ili ndi mzinda wa wamba ngati ogulitsa malonda, osema, akalipentala - Dinaburg (Daugavpils). The mnyamata anaphunzira kusunga chikhalidwe; zokumana oyambirira ubwana bwino anakumbukira chilimwe, wokongola minda wobiriwira ndi madzi buluu, kumulowetsa njira nkhalango ndi dzuwa, mphamvu wabwino ndipo akadali ankaona mu wolemba ndakatulo. Ndi chuma cha zinthu anthu a wolemba m'tsogolo kuti agwirizane mayi ake, Darth Pliekshane, wochenjera mkazi ndi ntchito. Iye anaimba kwambiri, ndipo Yan Raynis anatha kulemba ambiri wowerengeka nyimbo.

Bambo John anali ndithu wolemera uja - m'mphawi amene anali wokhoza paokha kukwaniritsa vuto khola chuma ndipo anapereka maphunziro kwambiri kuti mwana wanu. Kuyambira ali mwana oyambirira mnyamatayo anali bwino Russian ndi German, kenako anaphunzira Latin ndi French. Pa womdziwa pafupi ndi yonena za Janis zimaonekeratu kuti ndakatulo analankhula bwino komanso mu Chilituyaniya, Chibelarusi, Polish ndi Chitaliyana.

zaka sukulu

Kuyambira 1880 Raynis Yan anapita kukaphunzira ku sukulu Riga City, ndiye "fodya ameneyu amatafunidwa" lubwe sayansi pa St. Petersburg University mu mphamvu ya malamulo. Malinga Yang, ntchito malamulo anasankha, thangwi akhafuna kukhala panokha m'moyo wa boma, wodziwonetsa m'njira yabwino. Nthawi imeneyi, werengani zambiri; Awa anali ntchito za olemba a masiku amakedzana (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Homer, Herodotus, Plutarch) ndi olemba za masiku ano (Shakespeare, Byron, Lermontov, Shelley, Heine, Pushkin). Kufanana anawamasulira ntchito zazikulu za upamwamba dziko.

Zinali ku St. Petersburg, chopunthira cha ndakatulo chosintha analumbirira okhulupirika kwa proletariat ndi tsiku lomaliza kwambiri amamuthandiza pa ntchito zake.

ntchito journalistic

Akamaliza, Yan Raynis, amene mbiri ndi nkhani yapadera kunyada Ayuda anzake, anayamba kugwira ntchito pa zapaderazi ndi: yoyamba Vilnius, ndiye mu Berlin, Panevezys, Jelgava. Pambuyo kuteteza zolemba pamaphunziro ake mu 1891, iye anakhala phungu wa sayansi malamulo, koma mwachilungamo mosavuta tiwonana ndi lowala monga loya. Pa nthawi yomweyo Yan Raynis kwambiri chidwi ndi ndale, ankakonda ntchito zolembalemba, muli ndi nyuzipepala "Dienas Lapa", malinga ndi zofuna zawo pafupi ndi mzimu chikhalidwe-demokalase. Kuti zaka nyuzipepala anali kwambiri kuberekana nthawi journalistic ntchito Yana Raynisa. Wolemba ndakatulo analemba ndakatulo, ndemanga, ndemanga pa nkhani za ndale ndi polemical, wakhala imodzi yabwino ndi otchuka atolankhani kwa dziko yace.

mu ukapolo

Ndakatulo Rainis Yang, amene yonena ndi chidwi osiyanasiyana owerenga mwachangu anamenyera malingaliro chosintha, zomwe mobwerezabwereza kundende. Kwa nthawi yoyamba iye anali mu ndende mu 1897. Mu 1899, wolemba ndakatulo anali ku ukapolo kwa zaka 5 kuchigawo Vyatka - mmodzi wa malo ukapolo ndale, amadziwika zithaphwi wake wosatha ndi kuwoloka nkhalango zowirira. Kumeneko, mu zigawo Russian m'tauni ya ntchito otentha wauzimu Rainis lofalitsidwa deta yake yoyamba ya ndakatulo "The kumatikumbutsabe kutali usiku buluu" (1903), momveka kuwalitsa ulendo wake luso wauzimu zaka pafupifupi 20..

Atabwerera kunyumba Rainis anakhala awiri waphindu kwambiri zaka za moyo. Pa nthawi imene ndakatulo anakwatira ndakatulo wotchuka Aspasia, anali ndi zaka 38, ndipo iye anali kwathunthu chinkhoswe mu chikhalidwe ntchito ndi ntchito yolenga. Yang anapanga maonekedwe ambiri pa misonkhano ndi misonkhano, anatenga mbali Congress pa aphunzitsi Chilativiya anathandizana ndi Democrats Social, anapita Moscow monga nthumwi a. Ndi Glee ndi chimwemwe ndakatulo anachita ulimi wa 1905, amene adatenga mbali mwachindunji.

Ntchito kwambiri nthawi imeneyi inali yaikulu ndime sewero "Moto ndi Night" - ntchito yaikulu ya sewero Chilativiya.

Wambiri ndi mlembi wa bukhu

Raynis Yan ndi mkazi wake akadzagonjetsedwa kugalukira zida iye anasamuka ku Switzerland, komwe anakhalako zaka 15. Kuti dziko lino ndakatulo wotchedwa kunyumba yake yachiwiri. Apa dziko anaona ntchito zimenezi wa wolemba monga "The End ndi Chiyambi", "Kanthu Book", "New Force", "Amene musaiwale", "Daugava", "Lizani, Mphepo", "Moto ndi Night", "Joseph ndi abale ake "," Golden kavalo ". Masewero ndi ndakatulo Raina anakhala zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za ndakatulo ku Latvia, poyamba ankavala wotchulidwa zasekondale ndi atsanzire mabuku German.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Atabwerera kale palokha Latvia, pamene iye ndi mkazi wake, zikwi za anthu moni monga ngwazi dziko, Yan Raynis analemba tsoka "Ilya Muromets" kenako anatulutsa buku la ndakatulo "Sketchbooks asanu Dagda." Atakhala zaka 9 la moyo wake mu Riga, wolemba ndakatulo anatenga mbali mu moyo zandale, anasankhidwa kukhala Assembly Constituent la Latvia, izo anali mmodzi wa olemba ya malamulo a dziko ndi ngakhale nawo mpikisano pulezidenti chotayikacho. Kuyambira 1921 ndi 1925 ntchito monga mkulu wa Moscow Art Theatre. A ambiri ntchito siteji atati aperekedwe ndi muholo National nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Rainis. Kuyambira 1926 mpaka 1928, Yan Raynis anatumikira monga nduna ya zamaphunziro, ndipo mu 1925 analandira mphoto apamwamba a dziko - dongosolo Zitatu Stars 1 digiri.

Moyo wa ndakatulo Chilativiya kuthyoka Jurmala, 12 September 1929. Yan Raynis kumanzere mwadzidzidzi, kusiya zipangizo archival oposa mazana ndi zidutswa za yosatha. Kumizidwa wolemba dziko wotchuka mu New manda, kenako dzina lake. Mu 1943, Jan anaikidwa m'manda pafupi ndi mkazi wake, Aspasia.

Masewero Yana Raynisa anaika pa magawo a zisudzowo osati Chilativiya, komanso dziko lonse, ndipo ndakatulo yake, lofalitsidwa mu Mabaibulo atsopano, pamafunika anthu mamiliyoni ambiri owerenga.