Ndi chinthu cha mapangidwe nthaka chiyani? ndi zinthu mapangidwe nthaka chiyani?

Earth - m'chuma cha anthu onse. Ndipo ife sitiri kungonena dzikoli, komanso nkhokwe nthaka pamwamba pake. Popanda, pakanakhala palibe chotero zomera zosiyanasiyana ndi heterotrophs (monga nyama ndi munthu), mfundo, sanathe kuonekera. Onse padziko dziko lapansi chinapangidwa pa onse? Mu "mlandu" Chinthu mapangidwe nthaka. More ndendende, gulu lonse la iwo.

Gulu lalikulu

V. V. Dokuchaev ankakhulupirira kuti ayenera allocated kwa zinthu zisanu nthaka-kupanga:

• Kholo thanthwe.
• Nyengo magawo. Ambiri, nyengo monga chinthu cha mapangidwe nthaka imatengedwa asayansi ambiri ndi malo makiyi, monga udindo wake ndi chidwi.
• Flora.
• Zinyama.
• The mtunda ndi nthawi yapita.

Koma zimenezi si zinthu zonse zoyambirira za mapangidwe nthaka. Masiku ano, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti mndandanda mwina zidzawonjezedwa maudindo awiri: zochita za madzi (mpweya) ndi zochita za anthu. Ndipo tsopano ife adzamvetsa zinthu zonse mwatsatanetsatane, kukambirana makhalidwe awo. Choncho, mfundo yofunika kwambiri nthaka - kuti thunthu, amene wafunsira pansi.

gwero miyala

Monga ukhoza kuyamikiridwa, awa ndi mchere umene kamodzi anapanga ndipo akupitiriza kupanga yachonde (kapena ayi) nthaka. Zili ndi mwala yaikulu zimadalira makina, thupi, mankhwala, ndi zina nthaka. Choncho, nthaka, poyamba anapanga Mwachitsanzo, lubwe ndi miyala zofanana, sangakhale wolingana ndi amene atuluka tuff ndi pumice.

ndi gwero miyala chiyani? Iwo igneous, nyanja ndi metamorphic. Mwa njira, ndi lubwe ndi pumice tuff ndi - miyala igneous, koma iwo kupanga dothi osiyana. Kodi adalira, ngati chinthu cha nthaka yomweyo?

Monga chiyambi cha nthaka katundu zimadalira?

Mankhwala ndi mineralogical zikuchokera potsata osati pa mitundu, komanso malo enieni magwero ake n'chofunikira yaikulu katundu wa wosanjikiza dothi. Choncho, ngati carbonate mchere, ali ndi zamchere anachita (kapena pafupi ndi ndale), ndiye anapanga ofotokoza msanga ayamba kudziunjikira nthaka humus ndi amapeza chonde mkulu. Choncho, zinthu zazikulu mapangidwe nthaka n'chofunika kwambiri, chifukwa mmene awo mwachindunji pa kukula kwa zokolola angathe m'tsogolo.

Ngati thanthwe m'maderawo njira zonsezi kangapo pang'onopang'ono. Ngati pamene mchere muli yambiri salt madzi sungunuka, nthaka "analandira" mchere wambiri. Komanso chofunika kwambiri ndi kapangidwe, chifukwa ndiyo kutentha mphamvu, chinyezi wokhutira ndi magawo zina zofunika zimene zimakhudza mwachindunji chonde wa nthaka m'madera ena.

mpumulo

Chinthu ichi mapangidwe nthaka kawirikawiri adakumbukira, koma pachabe. Pambuyo mtunda onse amakhudza yogawa cheza dzuwa, mvula, ndi zinthu zina padziko miyala, kotero kuti amadalira makhalidwe a pansi, kenako akutembenukira "linanena bungwe".

Kwakukulu n'chakuti kumaonekera m'dera lamapiri komwe alipo kuthamanga kusiyana, kuwala ndi kudzimenya zosiyana zinthu kutentha. Apa, zofunika kwambiri limabweretsa misa mpweya ndi convection, chifukwa cha zimene mabuku yaikulu ya mpweya ndi kutentha osiyana Nkhuntho otsetsereka mosalekeza lamapiri. Mu njira zambiri mpumulo, monga chinthu cha mapangidwe dothi labwino chimadaliranso makhalidwe nyengo ya m'deralo, kuyambira popanda kuphatikiza zinthu ziwirizi simungathe kupanga pansi.

Chinyezi komanso zimasiyanasiyana, ndipo pambuyo "perevalivaniya" pa phiri lokwera ali kwambiri yafupika. Chifukwa, thanthwe amakhala osiyana imawononga, osalivaetsya, n'kugwa kupanga tuzigawo twa osiyana kukula.

Mwina chofunika kwambiri akadali kanthu kuwala ndi cheza dzuwa, imene mabacteria osiyana nyengo ya m'njira yosiyana udzakwaniritsidwa. Choncho, mu zone ya dziko Far North kakang'ono, ndipo iwo ali osauka kwambiri, ndi miyala zimasungika wangwiro chikhalidwe. Yerekezerani ndi malo achipululu imene mtundu wa wachita kale khazikitsani mkhalidwe yunifolomu mchenga silika. Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa zinthu zazikulu za nthaka mapangidwe dera Orenburg, kufunika mpumulo adzakhala kwambiri chenicheni.

M'deralo chachikulu ntchito za syrty otchedwa, mwachitsanzo zitunda wotsika. Mothandizana ndi mtunda mosabisa, mtunda ngati predetermines mkulu mathamangidwe mpweya pamwamba pa kholo thanthwe, imbaenda weathering awo ndi mofulumira ndi chiwonongeko wotsatira.

Mu zinthu izi, mlingo wa kudzikundikira humus (yokha ndi kukhalapo kwa zinthu organic) kwambiri zimasiyanasiyana osiyana mankhwala zikuchokera ndi nusu ya phunziroli chifukwa. Chotero, izo ndi osiyana wobereketsa.

Mitundu nthaka, malinga ndi kusiyana mpumulo

Pakali pano, amaganiza kuti chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe akhoza kupanga mitundu itatu nthaka, lomwe limatchedwanso kuti "M'maso moistening":

• Automorphic mitundu. mapangidwe awo amapezeka pansi zinthu polandira madzi pamwamba ndi chinyezi kwambiri atagona nthaka. Pankhaniyi, mbali imaletsa ankaimba ndi chinthu zamoyo mapangidwe nthaka.
• Semihydromorphic. Mapangidwe dothi izi kumachitika pamene pamwamba chinyezi angathe nthawi iliyonse kuti stagnate padziko miyala kholo ndi magwero nthaka kugona pa akuya zosaposa zisanu mamita.
• dothi Hydromorphic. Choncho, chotero phunziroli aumbike mwa nthawi imene pamwamba pa madzi kwa nthawi yaitali stagnate padziko miyala, ndi chinyezi nthaka pa akuya mamita atatu.

Pa nthawi zonsezi, phindu ndithu angakhale anthropogenic chinthu mapangidwe nthaka. Munthu m'kupita kwa ntchito zachuma zambiri bere ndi anasefukira m'madera ambiri a padziko lapansi, amene kwambiri kumakhudzanso makhalidwe mapangidwe nthaka.

njira erosive

Ngati pamwamba pa otsetsereka ndi madigiri 30 kapena kuposa, ndi mtunda umakhala wofunika kwambiri. Choncho, pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, mukuchitika kukokoloka madzi. Chili mphepo mitundu amphamvu kwambiri, omwe ndi ofala m'madera lathyathyathya mtunda kumene pamalo otsetsereka a padziko ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Ngati ife tiyang'ana pa zinthu zazikulu za nthaka mapangidwe dera Orenburg, izi mophweka. Kumadera amenewo mu waukulu udindo "kumva kuwawa" pamwamba mitundu wosanjikiza mchere masewero mphepo yomwe angafikire velocities kwambiri mkulu.

mpumulo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ngakhale mu ndondomeko zinachokera nyama m'madera ena. Izi bwino kwambiri akuwonetseredwa mu kusintha kwa mitsinje kapena nyanja chisamaliro (kapena mosinthanitsa, osefukira m'madera). Zimenezi zimabweretsa ponso kapena kuchepa msinkhu wa kusintha madzi nthaka nthaka ya mkombero chitukuko (automorphic mtundu unasintha hydromorphic, kapena mosinthanitsa).

chikoka cha biosphere ndi

zifukwa za chilengedwe mu mapangidwe lililonse nthaka akutsogolera. Only pambuyo pa mtunda anali woyamba zamoyo, izo zikhoza kukhala mu mfundo. Mfundo ndi ndondomeko dothi mapangidwe yokha Tingaone monga mogwirizana kwambiri pakati pa moyo (yaying'ono-zamoyo) ndi zopanda moyo (wosweka nthaka) chikhalidwe. Gwero thanthwe m'kupita kwa ndondomekoyi mwachilungamo losandulizika. Mkhalidwe waukulu kuonetsetsa kupitiriza mapangidwe nthaka - ikuyenda pamwamba pa dziko chowala dzuwa mphamvu.

mpweya wa mlengalenga, nyama ndi zomera, mankhwala awo kagayidwe kachakudya - zonsezi ndi zinthu nthaka mapangidwe "Anatsogolera" chakuti lero pansi pa mapazi athu pali nthaka yachonde limene anthu kukula chakudya chawo ndi chakudya kwa ziweto.

Apanso, mtundu wa "Energomera" ndi kuchuluka kwa ukubwera dzuwa mphamvu. Padziko zimathandiza kusuntha mchere (ie zopanda moyo authunthu) moyo. Monga inu mwina anaganiza, tikulankhula za ndondomeko ya photosynthesis. Komanso, dzuwa mphamvu zimapangitsa kusintha mbali akufa chomera kubwerera ku zinthu zopanda moyo. Chifukwa ndondomeko yothandizira kuti chikuchitika zikwi kapena zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, dziko lathuli ali wapadera "nthaka chipolopolo", ndi chinsinsi chonde ndi kubalana a zotsalira zazomera mbewu.

zinthu zimene ena ayenera otchulidwa nthaka? nkhani inayake imene inalembedwa sukulu, ngakhale makalasi pakati, n'kogwiritsa tikambirana nkhani ya zomera udindo wake zofunika kudzikundikira humus. Ndipo izo ziri mwamtheradi woona!

Udindo wa nkhani chomera

Waukulu "katundu" ndalama yaikulu zotsalira zazomera kwa nthaka lonse - ndiwo a mbewu. Komanso, iwo kudziunjikira dzuwa mphamvu (9.33 kcal / gram). Popeza pafupifupi pa mahekitala limakula matani khumi pa zamoyo masamba kudziunjikira pa malowa pafupifupi 9.33 * 107 mphamvu kcal. Chotero yaikulu ya izo si yekha amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu njira zonse mapangidwe nthaka, koma akhoza bwinobwino ntchito mwa munthu. Choncho samangokhala zinthu nthaka-n'kupanga, mbewu, komanso lofunika gwero mphamvu! chitsanzo changwiro - khala amene nkhokwe ndi zosaneneka anthu anayamba intensively ntchito cha m'ma 19.

Autotrophs kuchotsedwa kholo mchere onse thanthwe okha ndipo pambuyo kuti n'kukhala mankhwala zovuta organic imene kenako akutembenukira humus. Ena mwa mankhwala awa nabwerera pamene umatsuka awo zatsalira madzi akufa zomera. Zimene zimachitika ndi zinthu yovuta ndipo amathandiza kuti nthaka, kuphatikizapo uniformly kusakaniza yotsala ya kholo thanthwe ndi organic.

Places a zotsalira zazomera mbewu ndende

Mwachibadwa kuti Nkhalango anaikira kwambiri buku la zotsalira zazomera masamba. Koma ichi - si kuganiza zolondola ndithu, monga mmene anachitira kukula yaikulu kumachitika kokha mu zone steppe, kumene osachepera 85% ya anasonkhanitsa organic akadzabweranso kanthu kwa nthaka. N'chifukwa chake m'chigawo cha masika ndi zambiri chonde kuposa m'nkhalango, kumene makhalidwe nthaka chikutanthauza si kwambiri "kwambiri". Ie, zinthu nthaka, mwachidule kulankhula, kusiyana kwambiri, ngakhale pamene kunja ofanana.

Zachitikiranji zimenezi? chakuti mu nkhalango nthaka ndi otsika humus okhutira, mchere ambiri ndi zinthu organic anasambitsidwa kunja chabe ndi zochita za chinyezi mumlengalenga. Mu herbaceous biocenosis mbewu imakhalabe mwamphamvu mbamuikha pamodzi kupanga yaikulu M'maso nthaka. zinthu izi zimathandiza kuti mapangidwe peat, ngati tiers m'munsi chinyezi zambiri osati mpweya wokwanira, chimene chingalowe Zimachititsa njira ya kuwonongeka. Kodi wina pali zinthu khalidwe la mapangidwe nthaka?

The phulusa zili nthaka

Mu njira zambiri, njira ya kuwonongeka kwa zatsalira mbewu zimadalira mipweya ya masika. Choncho, phulusa zili masingano (i.e., chiwerengero cha otsala mbali mchere) si oposa 2.1%, ndipo deciduous nkhalango chithunzi ichi kuchuluka kwa 4%. M'chigawo cha mlingo wa phulusa la zatsalira mbewu angafikire% 5-6 chabe, ndi m'chipululu mchere, chithunzi ichi kumawonjezera kwa 14% pa zonse! Komabe, mu Zikatero, mtengo wapadera lili ayi, popeza 90% mbali mchere - onse kashiamu sodium kolorayidi chomwecho, ndi potaziyamu, amene akonzedwa ali mchere madambo okha.

Zomera yodziwika ndi chakuti kuchokera dothi ndi osiyana mchere zikuchokera iwo akutenga ndendende kuchuluka kwa mchere ndi mankhwala, zomwe iwo amafuna kukula ndi chitukuko. Mwachitsanzo, dzinthu ndi diatoms kwambiri ndende ya zinthu zimene makamaka yodziwika ndi silicas yekha. M'nthaka, dera ndende ili la mankhwala awa akhoza kukhala negligible. M'chipululu zomera - chitsanzo chidwi kwambiri pa nkhani iyi pamene muli zambiri salt mchere.

N'chifukwa chiyani ayenera kugwirizana izi? Ndi yosavuta - mchenga umene autotrophs izi kukula yokonza osauka kwambiri zinthu zonse zofunika zomera kuti ndi kusunga mu thupi lake lomwelo.

Ntchito ya zinyama

Koma ngati mu sukulu kapena bungwe maphunziro mudzakhala anafunsa kuti: "Kodi zinthu mapangidwe nthaka Kodi," musaiwale kutchula udindo waukulu wa zomera. Nyama mu mapangidwe lachonde komanso mbali yofunika kwambiri. Apa, chapadera kwambiri n'chakuti, nthaka yeniyeniyo ndi nyumba masauzande ambiri a mitundu ya nyama ndi zosiyanasiyana tizilombo. Ali ndi "ntchito" onongani ndi processing chomera misa ndi kusanganikirana ake wotsatira ndi zakuya M'maso nthaka.

Nyama ndi ena onse nyama peresenti kulenga kwambiri mu dziko kamakumba una awo ndi zisa. Timadontho-timadontho, makoswe Mfuko, agologolo nthaka ndi zolengedwa zina burrowing kutenga mbali m'munsi mwa thanthwe m'mwamba. Zinali m'madera amene ambiri nyama (steppe), achuma wakuda nthaka. , Nyongolotsi ndi mphutsi komanso ntchito wambirimbiri ntchito pa kusintha kwa mbali organic wa nthaka kukhala manyowa. Komanso, invertebrates analimbikitsa organics ndi inorganics. Monga ndi zinthu zonse zachilengedwe nthaka-kupanga zimathandiza kuti mathamangitsidwe wa kudzikundikira organic.

Kumene kuchuluka kwa dziko nyama ndi kuchuluka ake amadalira kwathunthu pa zinthu zonse malo osiyanasiyana ndi nyengo. The zomera zosiyanasiyana ndi zomera bwino ndi "Mkhalidwe" analandira pa linanena bungwe la nthaka, m'pamenenso organic zinthu ndi chonde apamwamba.

zinthu nyengo

Pomaliza, taganizirani nyengo monga chinthu cha mapangidwe nthaka. Kuyambira zinthu dera ndi nyengo zimadalira kwambiri; chakwanira kuyang'ana Kazakhstan ndi Gobi chipululu. Pa malo komanso zimadalira kuchuluka okwana mphamvu chowala kufika padziko lapansi. Chotero, izo ali wamkulu pa equator, ndi kochepa - pa mtengo. mavuto onse kusokoneza njira ya mapangidwe nthaka. Apa mmene nthaka anapanga? nthaka mapangidwe zinthu kwambiri amadalira pa nyengo.

Mu njira zambiri, nyengo ndi nyengo zimadalira okwera pamwamba pa nyanja. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti pali mitundu iwiri ya nyengo: zazikulu ndi yaying'ono. Mbali yaikulu mu mapangidwe nthaka ndi mphepo akutenga osiyanasiyana mpweya. The nyengo zosiyanasiyana, m'pamenenso "zokongola" akutembenukira pansi pa linanena bungwe. mwanjira ina, koma kutentha mankhwala amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu mphamvu nthaka kutentha. izi makamaka noticeable kumapiri, ndi pamalo osiyana kopendekera.