Nezadymlyaemye masitepe (H1, H2, H3) ndi moto kuthawa makwerero

Mlingo ano patsogolo sayansi ndi luso sikumangotikhudza kuli chakuti moto kwa zaka wakhala ndi kukhala mmodzi wa adani a owopsa a anthu azikhalamo.

Ngakhale oyamba ambiri malamulo kupereka ntchito kwa mkati chokongoletsera yekha zipangizo sanali kuyaka, ziwerengero ndi inexorable: nyumba anthu lero ayi m'thupi.

Nthawi zambiri, chinthu chokha chimene amakhalabe mwambo moto okhala ndi kuthawa, kuti ali kusamutsidwa. Njira chabwino kwambiri atuluke nyumba mkulu-nyamuka - moto kuthawa makwerero.

Kuopsa kwa anthu ngati moto si moto. Oopsa komanso kusuta. Koma mdani kowopsya wosawonekayo - monoxide mpweya. Munthu sangathe zindikirani zotsatira zake (mosiyana ndi kuyatsa ochiritsira, mpweya monoxide alibe fungo kapena mtundu). Mpweya monoxide poyizoni yodziwika ndi chitukuko mofulumira. Patatha mphindi zingapo angavutike kutaya kutsitsimuka, ndiye pafupifupi zosatheka yothawira.

Choncho, mu nyumba iliyonse kwenikweni monga Moyo wa okhalamo chipulumutso pa moto zili nezadymlyaemye stairwells. Kodi ndi mitundu iti nezadymlyaemyh masitepe ndi stairwells?

Makwerero - ndi mbali yofunika ya nyumbayi

The staircase ndi mbali yofunika ya nyumba Mipikisano storey. Osiyana ochiritsira yomanga akutumikira mauthenga Pansi ndi achoke masitepe, T. E. Nezadymlyaemye.

Kupezeka kwa otsiriza ndi wofunika kwambiri umene amaperekedwa ndi gulu la anthu pa moto. Kwa chiwerengero cha nyumba ndi malinga ndi SNIP, choncho onetsetsani kuti kusamalira mapulani mu chilengedwe cha nyumba ya polojekiti.

Achoke masitepe: kusankhidwa

Achoke makwerero ayenera kukhala pano mu nyumba mkulu-nyamuka. Izi zipangitsa chitetezo cha okhalamo pa moto kapena vuto la mwadzidzidzi ena. Ntchito yomanga masitepe pangozi zosiyanasiyana nyumba umamumvera mfundo zina za kukula awo, kasinthidwe ndi malo. Kaya mtundu chitsanzo, zofunikira pa nyumba izi - kuonetsetsa kuchoka abwino anthu nyumba vuto la kusowa.

Anyantchoche, antchito ndi alendo mabungwe ntchito achoke masitepe akhoza kusiya malo popanda vuto kumoyo ndi thanzi. kuchoka Emergency lakonzedwa kuwateteza ku moto ndi utsi. Nkofunika kuonetsetsa mosavuta izo zonse mu nyumbayi.

masitepe achoke angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kuchoka taphunzira ku malo a. Ichi ndi choona pa zomera kuti mulibe osiyana kumbuyo pakhomo. malamulo moto chitetezo kuletsa ntchito ya nyumba pamwamba apansi atatu, si zida ndi kuchoka miyendo.

malo

zofunika zenizeni ziletso pa malo malo masitepe kuthawa. Childs, Kusinthaku awo kumbuyo kupanga malo onse kapena mathero, ngati ndandanda lotseguka kuchoka.

Ngati akufuna dongosolo ndi kuchoka mwadzidzidzi mkati nyumbayi, chifukwa makwerero kuonetsetsa chipinda osiyana kapena hallway. Izi ndi zofunika kuonetsetsa kuti vuto la moto kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha anthu ndiponso kuteteza chipika atsikira zimakhala Zimatheka kuchoka ku nyumba.

chipinda chino ayenera kuperekedwa ndi moto kugonjetsedwa chitseko, chimene chingathe kuti osachepera 1 chasa Apewe lawi. Nkofunika kuonetsetsa komaliza mfundo ndi kuchotsa mwamsanga utsi.

Aliyense pansi ayenera akhale okonzeka kupeza stairwell lapansi. m'lifupi zimadalira kukula ndi ndime magawo. Theka-zitsanzo kupereka malo kwa malo mu chipinda, chitseko cha imbaenda ku masitepe kunja. Izi ndi njira yabwino kwa nthawi imene n'zosatheka malizitsani kudzipatula ndimeyi utsi.

Pakuti kunja mtundu malamulo lotseguka lapadera: mtunda m'mphepete mwa makwerero ndi khoma kukhala masentimita 100 Izi amachepetsa chiopsezo malowedwe a moto pa kuchoka mwadzidzidzi ndiponso kupewa Kutentha ya mlathowo komanso kuteteza handrail ..

zipangizo

Popeza dongosolo lino cholinga ntchito zinthu zamwadzidzidzi, kuphatikizapo moto, mfundo zenizeni chifukwa kusankha ntchito zipangizo zake yomanga. The chikhalidwe chachikulu ndi kuonetsetsa mphamvu ndi moto kulimbikira makwerero. Choncho, zipangizo otchuka monga konkire ndi zitsulo.

Ntchito zipangizo zimene zili flammable, kutha kapena zimatulutsa poizoni pamene mkangano, ndi koletsedwa.

SNIP ndi GOST

Mfundo GOST ndi SNIP Malamulo malamulo, amene installs mitundu yonse ya masitepe. Iwo nkhawa ndi gulu lawo.

• A muyezo mumbali achoke masitepe ndi zimene chiŵerengero cha mfundo za m'litali ndi chikhato kutalika 2: 1.
• 1 March analola pamaso pa madigiri 3-18. 2 amasunga chiwerengero chawo sayenera upambana mayunitsi 16.
• M'lifupi kuyenda adzakhala kuonetsetsa chitonthozo cha kayendedwe, mulingo woyenera kukula - 24-29 cm.
• Sitepe kutalika ndi amangoona 20-22 cm.
• M'lifupi masitepe amaperekedwa zofunika zimenezi, zomwe nthawi yomweyo angaphunzitse anthu 2. Mtengo wotsikitsitsa chomveka ndi - 1 mita amaloledwa kuchepetsa kutalika kwa nyumba kunja masentimita 70 ..
• Malo osewerera pakati akulowera kukula zogwirizana ndi m'lifupi masitepe ndi kuchoka pa izo.
• Kuti achoke abwino nyumbayi patabuka moto ayenera kupatsidwa mwayi makwerero yopita ku malo lotseguka kapena mu chipinda osiyana, kutetezedwa ku moto ndi utsi.

Gawo

masitepe achoke anawagawira ndi mtundu zakuthupi, dongosolo, ndi makhalidwe a dongosolo la. Pali mitundu itatu waukulu achoke ano masitepe, amene makhalidwe osiyana monga kopita, m'lifupi ndi kasinthidwe:

• anaika pa stairways wapadera nezadymlyaemyh mwa nyumbayo;
• Iwo lili mkati nyumbayi, osati wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba makoma;
• ndipo ili kunja kwa dongosolo Tulukani.

inawo ntchito yokhayo yotumikira achoke, pamene woyamba mitundu iwiri ya masitepe nthawi zina m'malo mwa pakhomo chachikulu.

Pa mitundu zotheka machenjerero

Kwa gulu komanso ntchito flights mwachindunji, malinga ndi nsanja wapakatikati. Nthawi zina, pamene pali osakwanira danga makonzedwe awo, kufanana kapena otsetsereka pang'ono khoma wokwera nyumba ofukula monga firefighters.

koletsedwa

chitetezo moto malamulo analetsa kumanga makwerero:

• ndi masitepe zabezhnymi;
• ndi curvilinear ndi osasamba mawonekedwe utali;
• kagwere;
• ndi masitepe a kukula wosiyana.

ndi nezadymlyaemye stairwells chiyani?

Pamaso pa nyumba ngati mu nyumba lakonzedwa pofuna kupewa ngozi pazipita miyoyo ndi thanzi la anthu ngati moto. Iwo akuguba kukula, amene ayenera udzakhazikitsidwe m'madera oyenera nyumba zawo.

Chimodzi mwa zofunika zazikulu potulukira pangozi - kudzipatula wake ku utsi. Nezadymlyaemye masitepe kusiyana ndi chakuti pa moto musalekane PFD (fumes, utsi, ndi zina zotero. N.).

Pamaso pa nyumba awa amaperekedwa ndi a achoke bwino anthu patabuka moto mu nyumba mkulu-nyamuka. amafuna osiyanasiyana oletsa iwo, malingana ndi mtundu yeniyeni.

mitundu

Nezadymlyaemye stairwells ogaŵikana mitundu ingapo, m'kagulu kuti kusiyanitsa zinalengedwera wonena za, Kusinthaku, kupereka mwayi kwa iwo ndi mfundo za opaleshoni. Mitundu ya masitepe:

• H1 amaona chitsanzo m'munsi. Mbali khalidwe la kamangidwe ndi mwayi pogwiritsa ntchito malo. Muyenera kukhala njira nezadymlyaemosti kuti potulukira pangozi.
• H2 amapereka mpweya pressurization pamene moto amapezeka.
• H3 ndi analogue a H2, koma amapereka kuchoka pa ulendo mwa khonde pachipata. Komanso anapereka ndi optional mpweya overpressure kuti umaperekedwa monga moto, ndipo pa maziko mosalekeza.

zofunika

Moto chitetezo pa masitepe anapereka malamulo, zimene zimapereka kwa kuteteza moyo wa munthu:

• makwerero onse nezadymlyaemyh anaika kuyatsa mwadzidzidzi.
• M'lifupi pakhomo ayenera kukhala pakati 1.2 mamita ndi kutalika - 1,9 m.
• M'lifupi zotuluka stairways sikudzakhala kuchepera ndimeyi m'lifupi.
• Unsembe nezadymlyaemoy maselo pafupi ndi pamalo kutsinde la mpanda kuonetsetsa kumafika mpweya potulukira zoti (pamwamba mlingo pansi).
• Mu timipata kuti nezadymlyaemym masitepe ndikoletsedwa kaikidwe ka zinthu zina. Pakhomo ayenera kukhala lopenya, monga zinyalala akhoza kukhala chotchinga kwa gulu la anthu ndi ntchito za firefighters.
• Zoletsedwa kudzikonda msonkhano wa zosayembekezereka partitions yomanga kapangidwe ndi ndime prorubki mu alipo bulkheads moto chitetezo.
• Amafuna zida nezadymlyaemyh masitepe handrails zipangizo sanali kuyaka ndi pang'ono mkangano.

Nezadymlyaemye masitepe H1

"Kumanga Malamulo" limati: mu nyumba ndi kutalika kwa 30 m, ayenera anakonza nezadymlyaemye maselo makwerero H1.

Mtundu amafuna unsembe masitepe, amene akupezeka pansi m'dera pansi, ntchito danga kwa Kukwezeleza wapoyera. H1 malo malo akhoza kukhala pakhonde, khonde kapena akachita masitepe amene walandiridwa mwa malo a. Ichi ndi chifukwa kufunika kuonetsetsa kutchinjiriza wachibadwa wa nyumbayi adadzazidwa ndi utsi wochokera potulukira pangozi. Kwambiri kothandiza njira mtundu wa staircase ndi ngodya ya nyumbayo. The yabwino kwambiri malo - mkati ngodya ndi zipilalapo okhulupirika. zinalengedwera mbali ndi kulephera kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi apansi pa nyumbayi.

Avereji kukhalamo H1 maselo - mu ngodya pa mbali mumawomba mphepo kwabasi kwa nyumbayi. Iwo yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa kusintha khonde mtundu, komanso zopinga mu ntchito zishango. Kusintha imagwiridwa ngati zomera poyera kapena loggia ayenera anaonetsetsa ndimeyi m'lifupi mwake 1.2 m. The m'lifupi pakati pa ndime, komanso imeneyi ku kugawa zenera ayenera kukhala osachepera 2 m.

Nezadymlyaemye makwerero H2

Masitepe H2 zoti mu nyumba pamwamba pansi amene ali pa msinkhu 28-50 m. The maselo a H2 kwaiye mpweya overpressure (mfundo ng'anjo samatha). Iye ndi okhazikika kapena chikuyamba vuto la moto Alamu. N'zothekanso kukhazikitsa yoyenda yokha pressurization ntchito mapampu mpweya kupereka mpweya kuti ayenera akhale okonzeka ndi kotunga uninterruptible mphamvu.

Pamene angagwiritse mpweya wabwino ayenera bwino kuwerengera samatha mphamvu (kapena pressurization). Kuthamanga ayenera kulola ufulu kutsegula zitseko moto makwerero. Kuthamanga pa mlingo m'munsi ayenera kukhala osachepera 20 Pa pa chapamwamba - zosakwana 150 pascals.

Tambours kapena zipata kudzera omwe amaperekedwa pakhomo miyendo maselo H2 okonzeka ndi zitseko moto. Mu gulu ili maselo nezadymlyaemyh chipangizo oyenerera ndi partitions ofukula spaced 7-8 mbewu.

Nezadymlyaemye masitepe H3

Nezadymlyaemaya staircase H3 Anamanganso ntchito overpressure. kusiyana awo ndi chipangizo wapadera kuyenda kudutsa zipinda ndi zitseko kudziletsa kutseka. miyeso sitiyenera kukhala mamita zosakwana 4 lalikulu. m. Mu maselo a mtundu ikuchitika danga mpweya kubwerera wotanganidwa ndi makwerero ndipo zipata wapadera. Ndodo mabuleki ikuchitika pa maziko mosalekeza kapena adamulowetsa basi mu mwambo moto kapena utsi.

zipangizo mwachindunji

Polenga nezadymlyaemyh achoke ndime zambiri ntchito simenti. Iye ali otetezedwa moto chitetezo nkhani, kugwiritsa ntchito cholimba ndi omasuka zakuthupi. Monga adjunct kuti konkire nyumba m'munsi zitsulo ntchito Mwachitsanzo, mu kupanga zitseko kapena mipanda. Zitsulo utali wolungama kuwala nyumba zomangamanga.

Zinthu matabwa ntchito pang'ono: matabwa njanji kapena chitseko, amene chofunika kuchitiridwa ndi nyimbo moto.