Ntchito ya Tokyo ndi mayiko a Nuremberg

Zaka zoposa makumi asanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo, zoyamba zomwe zinayesedwa, zomwe zigawenga zomwe zinali ndi Germany ndipo zidasandulika zida zothandizira milandu yoopsya kwambiri zinayesedwa. Ntchitoyi inali yoyamba, monga kale mmalo mwalamulo panalibe milandu ya mayesero apolisi amene anachita nkhondo ndi mayiko ena. Anali mlandu wa Nuremberg. Patapita miyezi ingapo, ku Tokyo kunachitika mlandu wofanana ndi zigawenga za nkhondo za ku Japan.

Nuremberg

Milandu ya Nuremberg ndi Tokyo ya zigawenga za nkhondo siinapangidwe chifukwa cha ophatikizirapo chabe pa ntchito za usilikali kuchokera pakati pa maudindo ndi maofesi kapena akuluakulu, omwe ndi othandizira okhulupirika kwa Hitler. Iwo anaweruzidwa chifukwa cha kuyambitsa nkhondo yofunika kwambiri ndi yaikulu, potero ndikupanga mayiko ochuluka.

Maziko a zoyambazo anali mgwirizano umene unagwirizanitsa pakati pa mabungwe ogwirizana. Chifukwa chake, bungwe la International Military Tribunal linakhazikitsidwa. Cholinga chake chinali kubweretsa chilungamo kwa chipani cha Nazi.

Kutalika kwa ndondomeko ya ku Nuremberg kunali pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Pa September 30, 1946, khotilo linayamba kulengeza chigamulocho, chomwe chinatsirizidwa kokha tsiku lotsatira. Mwachidziwitso onse omwe adatsutsidwa omwe adabwera pansi pa khothiloli anaweruzidwa kukhala malire a chilango - imfa. Anthu adakali ndi mwayi, anaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende. Mabwenzi oterowo monga SS ndi SD, Gestapo ndi apamwamba a Nazi Party ku Germany adasankhidwa kukhala aphungu, ndipo mamembala awo analandira chilango choopsa.

Pafupifupi anthu 12 anaweruzidwa kuti afe, pakati pawo panali Rosenberg, Ribbentrop, Goering, Keitel, Kaltenbrunner ndi ena.

Tokyo

Chigamulo cha ku Tokyo cha zigawenga za nkhondo, komanso khoti la ku Nuremberg, chinachita chigamulo pa zigawenga za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, koma likulu la dziko la Japan. Linayamba pa May 3, 1946, ndipo nthawi yake inali dongosolo lalikulu kuposa chigamulo ku Germany. Ntchito ya Tokyo inatha zaka zoposa ziwiri ndipo idatha pa November 12, 1948.

Bungwe la International Military Tribunal ku Far East lapereka chilango cha imfa kwa amitundu asanu ndi awiri akuluakulu a nkhondo, kuphatikizapo Mtumiki wa Nkhondo, Pulezidenti ndi akuluakulu apamwamba a Land of the Sun. Kwa milandu ina, chigamulo cha Tokyo chinapereka ndende zosiyanasiyana, khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zinali zamoyo zonse.

Zina mwa milandu yomwe otsutsawo akubweretsa, monga kukonzekera nkhondo, kusokoneza nkhondo, kutenga nawo mbali, kuwononga anthu, akaidi, komanso milandu yambiri ya milandu yowunzidwa.

Kufunika kwa mayesero ku Nuremberg ndi Tokyo

Ntchito ya Tokyo, yofanana ndi mlandu ku Nuremberg, inali yofunika kwambiri kwa mbiriyakale. Malamulo awiriwa anazindikira kuti nkhondo yoopsa imene Germany ya Nazi inali itayamba inali umbanda waukulu padziko lonse .

Kuonjezera apo, mapangidwe a International Tribunal akhala gwero ndi maziko a zikhalidwe zalamulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malamulo apadziko lonse. Malemba a mabungwe onse awiri, komanso maumboni omwe anagwidwa ndi iwo, pambuyo pake anavomerezedwa ndi bungwe la UN, ndipo, chifukwa chake, mfundo za malembawa, malinga ndi chilango chomwe chinaperekedwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa milandu yowopsya, zakhala zikuvomerezeka kudziko lonse lapansi.

Zotsatira za njira

Zinali chifukwa cha mayesero a Nuremberg ndi Tokyo omwe mayiko ofunika kwambiri padziko lonse amachita monga Universal Declaration of Human Rights anakonzedwa . Zinakhudzidwanso kwambiri pamipangano yosiyanasiyana ya mayiko, kuphatikizapo kuthetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa mitundu ya anthu, komanso misonkhano yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha nkhondo, komanso zolemba zina zambiri.

Mu 1968, bungwe la UN linagwiridwa, malinga ndi zomwe zigawenga za nkhondo sizigwiritsira ntchito nthawi yokhala ndi mlandu. Chikalata choterocho chinali chofunikira pokhudzana ndi kuyesayesa kawirikawiri kuti athetse kuzunzika kwa anthu amodzi a Nazi.

Kutsiliza

Kufunika kwa mayiko ndi mbiri yakale ya mayesero omwe adachitika pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse m'mizinda ya Nuremberg ndi Tokyo sizingatheke. Pochita njira izi zinadziwika kuti zidzatsikira m'mbiri. Mfundo ndi zomwe adalandira chifukwa cha khalidwe lawo zidzakhala zofunikira kwambiri kuti olemba mbiri amtsogolo adzatembenuzire zotsatirazi kuti apeze choonadi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mayesero a makumi asanu ndi awiri adzakhala ochenjeza kwa ndale komanso atsogoleri a mayiko onse padziko lapansi.