Ndende yotchuka ya ku Russia - "Matrosskaya Tishina"

Peter I ku bwalo lamanja la mtsinje wa Yauza anakonza malo oyendetsa sitimayo. Izi zinaperekanso dzina la msewu, womwe uli pafupi ndi mtsinjewu. Ndipo popeza Catherine II amakhala kumeneko, oyendetsa sitima, nyumbayo inayamba kutchedwa kuti oyendetsa sitimayo. Anthu a mumzindamo adayesa kusunga mtendere ndi anthu okalamba ndipo adadutsa pachipatala cha almshouse. Kotero dzina la msewu linawonjezeranso mawu amodzi. Ndipo tsopano idayamba kutchedwa Sailor's Silence. Pambuyo pake panali ndende yotchedwa "Sailor's Silence".

Kupita ku mbiri

Gulu "Matrosskaya Tishina" linayambira mu 1775. Kenaka, malinga ndi lamulo la Catherine II, pomwe pakhomo la ndende lero, pansi pa chitetezo cha Sosaiti ya Mphoto, nyumba inatsegulidwa kuti "mahema" asanakhalepo. Monga mwachizolowezi m'ndende za ku Russia, kenako, mu 1850, mnyumba iyi idapatulidwa Tchalitchi cha Orthodox "Onse Osautsidwa", ndipo m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, apo adawonekeranso bello.

Nyumba ya "umuna usanayambe" mu chiyambi chake idatenga nthawi yochepa. Pofika mu 1870, adatchedwanso kundende ya Moscow Correctional. Bungwe latsopanoli linapangidwa kwa amayi 150 ndi amuna 300. Cholinga cha ndendeyo chinalengezedwa kuti: "Kupatsa malonda odziwika bwino m'manja mwa rabble uyu." Kuwonongeka, kunkaonedwa kuti ndi akaidi - achigawenga ang'onoang'ono, akuba, ochita zachiwerewere.

Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, dera la ndende likukula. Mu 1912, katswiri wa zomangamanga BA Alberti adapangidwa ndi kumanga nyumba zatsopano za ndende. Ndipo pofika m'chaka cha 1917 bungwelo linawonongedwa.

Mu 1918, ndendeyo inabwereranso mtundu wa kukonzanso. Pachikhazikitsocho, malinga ndi kalembedwe ka kale, Reformatory inakhazikitsidwa ndi Central Punitive Department of the NKJU. Iye anali ngati mtundu wothandizira ochiritsira ndi zachipatala. Kuchita nawo, kuphunzitsa, kubwezeretsanso ndikukonzekera masiku ogwira ntchito a achinyamata a zaka zapakati pa 17 ndi 21. Komabe, Reformatory inagwira ntchito kwa kanthawi kochepa. Mu miyezi 11, mu 1919, iye anasiya kukhalako.

Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, mbiri ya ndende "Matrosskaya Tishina" inayamba kumapeto kwa 1946. Pa malo a ndende pano ali Kozhevnicheskaya koloni. Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1945, chigawo cha anachi chinayamba kusinthidwa, mothandizidwa, Prison No. 14 inakhazikitsidwa ku Ministry of Internal Affairs ku Moscow.

Ntchito yomangidwanso

Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1947, pa gawo la chigawochi panali zinthu ziwiri za boma, nyumba yoyamba ndi yachiwiri, mofanana. Gulu "Matrosskaya Tishina" lingagwirizane panthawi imodzi ndi akaidi oposa 2000. Kuonjezera apo, kumadera a kukhazikitsidwa kunali nyumba zowonjezera:

• Nyumba yotentha, yomwe ikupitirizabe kugwira ntchito lero;
• Nyumba zomanga nyumba zopangidwa ndi matabwa zokonzedwera antchito;
• Corps of administration;
• Nyumba za antchito.

Poyenda akaidi anali ndi malo apadera m'deralo. Bwaloli linali mtundu wozungulira, wozunguliridwa ndi mpanda wamatabwa kuzungulira chigawo. Chitetezo pa nsanja ndi kunja chinachitidwa ndi anticemen a asilikali apakati a Moscow kuchokera ku gulu la Bogorodskaya.

Patangopita kanthawi pang'ono, mu 1949, nyumba yomanga itatu inamangidwa kuti ikhale ndi akaidi. Anali ndi ndende yapaderalo ndipo adalowa yekha (kuchokera kuchipatala cha nthenda 3), komanso akuluakulu ake ndi alonda osiyana. Izi zisanachitike, milandu yolindira, zigawenga za chipani cha Nazi komanso oweruza ogwira ntchito mu Dipatimenti Yachikhalidwe Yapadera ya Utumiki wa Zamkatimo (oyambitsa, ojambula, akatswiri) adapereka chigamulo chawo . Kwa anthu ndende zotchedwa "Sharashkinymi". Mwachindunji, moyo mwa umodzi mwa "sharashka" ukutchulidwa bwino mu bukhu lake "In The First Circle" Alexander Isaakievich Solzhenitsyn.

Kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 1950, kwa zaka ziwiri, nyumba za ndondomeko za ndende zasinthidwa. Zinthu zoyamba ndi zachiwiri zowonjezera zidawonjezeredwa ndi mabwalo 4 ndi 5 ndi mabwalo oyendayenda. Mpaka tsopano, olakwa adayenda m'madera a mabwalo awa, omwe ali padenga la nyumba.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 100 zapitazo, zosankha zadongosolo zomwe zinagawidwa kuti zigawanitse zipatalazi ku midzi ndi m'madera ozungulira zidafunika kukula kwa Ndende No. 14. Pogwirizana ndi izi, adatchedwanso Prison No. 1, odziwika bwino pakati pa anthu monga ndende "Matrosskaya Khalani chete. "

Beria LP itatha, kuyambira mu 1953 pomanga nyumba ya nambala 3, ana achimwene omwe anali olakwa anagwira ntchito yawo. Ntchito ya kundende inali kuphunzitsa achinyamata (okhulupirira anali ndi mwayi wophunzira sukulu), ntchito - akaidi a zaka zapakati, akugwira ntchito pa zokambirana m'ndende, kupanga ma envulopu, toyimayi a Khirisimasi ndi katundu wina wogulitsa. Ndalama zowonjezera zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zosowa zawo, kugula mu stall zomwe zilipo. Ndende ya ana idatha mpaka 1997. Atasankhidwa kukonzanso ntchito yomanga nyumba yachitatu. Ndipo kuchokera mu 1999 anakhala dokotala wa chifuwa chachikulu kuchipatala cha ndende.

Chipatala chomwecho cha akaidi chinaikidwa m'nyumba zomangidwanso ndi zomangamanga za anthu omwe kale anali ogwira ntchito m'ndende. Cholingacho sichikutumikira "Matrosskaya Tishina" kokha, komanso onse odzipatula a mzinda wa Moscow. Chipatala chili ndi mabedi 706 (mabedi).

Zaka makumi anayi zapitazo ku gawo la "Matrosskaya Tishina" zimayendetsedwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomanga ndi kukonza:

• Mu 1997, anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya (chokhala ndi zipangizo zamakono);
• Mu 1987 - CTP;
• Kumayambiriro kwa zaka 90 nyumba yachitatu inakonzedwa;
• Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 2000, nyumba yoyamba ya ndende inalembedwa
• Malingana ndi miyezo yaukhondo, pali makamera kwa omangidwa ndi anthu omwe akufufuzidwa;
• Mabwalo oyendayenda amayenda ndi denga;
• Lero, nyumba yachiwiri ya ndende ikulepheretsedwa.

Malinga ndi utsogoleri wa ntchito ya kundende, ntchito yofunikira ikuchitika nthawi zonse kuti nyumbazi zikhale bwino. Lero ndende "Matrosskaya Tishina" ili ndi nyumba zisanu ndi ziwiri.

Chigamulo Chachigawo 1 cha Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia

Mwalamulo, tsiku la kukhazikitsidwa kwa SIZO nambala 1 linkaonedwa kuti ndiSept 1, 1985. Malinga ndi dongosolo la Ministry of Internal Affairs la USSR, chipinda chodzipatula cha ward 1 chinakhazikitsidwa pa maziko a ndende yachisanu ndi chiwiri yomanga ndende. Kwa nthawi yaitali bungweli linatchulidwa "Silent's Silence". Adilesi: Moscow, Matrosskaya Tishina, nyumba 18. Yakhala ku Eastern Administrative District of capital. Malo onse a chikhazikitso ndi 41,438 mita mamita. M.

Poyamba, chigamulo cha akaidi chomwe chingakhale ndi SIZO sichinapitilire anthu 200. SIZO inali cholinga chodzipatula anthu omwe anali oyenerera kuti ayang'ane mosamala kwambiri nthawi ya kufufuzidwa ndi mayesero.

Mu 2001, poyang'ana miyezo yapadziko lonse yokhudzana ndi kukula kwa dera pa mndende, chiletso chinakhazikitsidwa pokwaniritsa ndende.

Koma, mwatsoka, ndithudi zikhalidwe sizikugwirizana. Malingana ndi deta ya boma, SIZO No. 1 yapangidwa kwa anthu a 2013, koma zenizeni zomwe zilipo kuposa 21.3% ndi anthu 2,441.

Kwa lero, pokhala ndi mndandanda wa kukhazikitsanso zaka zonse za kukhalapo kwake, kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito ya kundende kunatchedwanso Federal Public Institution "Chofufuzira Zophatikiza Pakati pa 1 cha FSIN ya Russia" (dzina lolembedwa mwachidule PKU SIZO-1 la Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia).

Kuwonjezera pa SIZO 1, Moscow ili ndi malo ena asanu ndi awiri omangidwa. Mwa iwo, wotchuka wotchuka "Butyrka" ndi "Lefortovo".

Akaidi otchuka

N'zosadabwitsa kuti mzinda wa Moscow unali umodzi mwa ndende zotchuka kwambiri ku Russia . "Silenje Silen" ndi chinthu cholimba cha boma. Kwa nthawi yonse ya ntchito yake, amadziwidwa bwino pokhapokha pa milandu itatu ya kuthawa bwino:

• June 5, 1995 - membala wa mmodzi wa zigawenga za A. V. Solonika;
• May 2, 2004 - nzika yothawa S. Ershov, yemwe anamangidwa kwa maola 24;
• Pa Meyi 7, 2013, akugwirizana ndi msilikali wa ndende, wakuba ndi wakupha O. Topalov adathawa, kenaka anamangidwa.

Mndandanda wa akaidi odziwika omwe anali ndi nthawi yotumikira nthawi "Matrosskaya Tishina" ndi yaikulu kwambiri. Ena mwa iwo - ndale za Soviet Yanaev GI ndi Yazov DT, anthu a bizinesi Lebedev PL ndi Khodorkovsky MB, Mavrodi SP ndi ena ambiri.

Masiku ano

Masiku ano ndende "Matrosskaya Tishina" imakhala yotseguka kwa oimira nkhani ndi ma bungwe osiyanasiyana. Nthaŵi zambiri, pali maulendo ena, opangidwa kuti asonyeze njira ya moyo komanso zikhalidwe za akaidi.

Mwachibadwa, pa zochitika zotero, alendo amasonyezedwa makamera abwino, malo opumula ndi zina zotero. Mosiyana ndi izi, nthawi zambiri m'mabuku a nyuzipepala pali malipoti ophwanya ufulu wa akaidi, kulephera kutsatira ndondomeko ya ndende, njala, ziwawa, kuyesa kuthawa, imfa ndi nthawi zina zosayamika zomwe zimakulolani kuti muzindikire kuti sizinthu zosavuta monga SIZO No. 1. Ndipo otero Akaidi samangoziona okha. Kotero, pafupi chaka chapitacho panali chidziwitso chakuti kuchepetsa kwa antchito a FSIN kunadzetsa kuchepa kwakukulu. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa mantha kuchokera kwa alonda a SIZO No. 1. Monga ogwira ntchito za ndende atavomerezedwa, chifukwa cha kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha oyang'anira, kunali koopsa kugwira ntchito.

Muzochitika zotero zikuwonekeratu kuti chaka chimodzi chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kubweretsa ndende za ku Russia kupita ku mayiko akunja.