Kodi tsankho?

Mitundu tsankho - akonzedwa a zikhulupiriro zomwe ndi zochokera maganizo lochitira a mafuko, ndi wapamwamba koposa wina pa mitundu ina. Mawu akuti "tsankho" woyamba anaonekera mu 1932.

tsankho ndi chiyani?

Kusalana - ndi chiletso kapena kulandidwa ufulu (ubwino) magulu ena chikhalidwe kapena mtundu udakhudzana, makhalidwe mitundu, zikhulupiriro andale kapena achipembedzo. Kusalana angasonyeze m'madera onse a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mu dera chikhalidwe zimatengera mtundu wa kuchepetsa mwayi wamaphunziro kapena phindu.

Lero, kusalana (mafuko, kugonana, achipembedzo) amadana ndi anthu padziko lonse. Kulandidwa ufulu ndi kumasulika pa malo ena aliwonse zosemphana ndi dongosolo yamakono ya makhalidwe abwino.

Zikamera wa tsankho

Zikamera wa tsankho amatanthauza nthawi yoyamba kukhudzana European ndi mitundu ina, T. E. Kwa M'badwo wa Apeza. Nthawi imeneyi, kulungamitsa khunyu dera lawo, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi chiwonongeko cha anthu a m'dziko, anayamba chiphunzitso loyamba la wotsika a mitundu ina. White tsankho anaonekera mu madera European ku America, Africa ndi Asia.

Mu 1855 iye anatulutsa buku ndi French mbiri Zhozefa De Gobineau yakuti "nkhani pa lochitira a mafuko anthu." wolemba kuika patsogolo nkhani yolembedwa pa zotsatira za zikuchokera mitundu ya mitundu ina ya chitukuko cha madera awa ndi opambana civilizational. Zhozef De Gobineau ankaona anayambitsa nordism (mtundu kuwasala ndi kuwanyoza mtundu, chiphunzitso cha chapamwamba mwa Masewerera a Nordic mpikisano pa zina). Mu ntchito yake mbiri kupeza zitatu mitundu: oyera, achikasu ndi wakuda. Woyamba kuposa wina ku ntchito thupi ndi m'maganizo. The penipeni pakati pa "anthu oyera" kutenga Aryans. Pa gawo pakati pa utsogoleri wolowezana mitundu, monga Gobineau, ndi "yellow", ndi pansi ndi wotanganidwa ndi "wakuda".

Kuyesa kulungamitsidwa sayansi tsankho

Pambuyo chiphunzitso Zhozefa De Gobineau ndi kusankhana mitundu anayamba kupanga asayansi ambiri. Nawa zikuluzikulu chachikulu chitukuko cha maganizo a tsankho:

• Georges De Lyapuzh kwanu - French kusankhana mitundu mfundo, ndi Chaanthu. Ine atapereka pa nkhani yolembedwa kuti index cranial (cephalad index) ndi chinthu chachikulu chimene chikukhudza malo munthu wa anthu. Pankhani imeneyi European Lyapuzh m'magulu 3: yaitali mutu kuwala bulauni (mphamvu osiyana ndi nzeru) brachycephalic mdima tsitsi (malogenialnaya mtundu), wautali mutu tsitsi mdima.
• Gustave Le Bon - French Katswiri ndi woyambitsa "Psychology wa anthu ndi atumwiwo." Ankakhulupirira kuti lochitira ndi kusalana malo mitundu - cholinga akafuna kuli anthu.
• Houston Stewart Chamberlain - German Katswiri. Ine atapereka lingaliro la chifumu cha mtundu German. Iye kuimba yokonza ndi kuteteza wa "chiyero cha mafuko." Mu buku la "chikhazikitso cha XIX atumwi" anati Aryans ndi womunyamulawo wa chitukuko pamene Ayuda amuphe.

Tsankho mu United States: negros kapena akuda?

Mitundu tsankho mu United States kunayamba kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko. The American Indians ankatengedwa otsika (anthu zakwawoko) ndi negros. ufulu Civil anali yekha "anthu oyera." akapolo Choyamba wakuda litapita atsamunda English ndi gawo la dziko m'zaka za m'ma XVII. Kapolo ku Africa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo la munda, makamaka kum'mwera United States.

Mwalamulo, pothetsa tsankho mu United States anayamba ndi 1808. chaka chino, boma Congress loletsa kwambiri mu dziko la antchito atsopano wakuda. Mu 1863, ukapolo mwalamulo anathetsa. Chochitika chimenechi chinalembedwa mu 1865 mu Kukonzedwa 13 kwa Constitution US.

Ngakhale chiyembekezo chakuti ukapolo, mu nthawi iyi, ambiri mitundu tsankho - mawonekedwe tsankho, mchitidwe Kuchepetsa anthu akuda moyo m'madera osiyana kapena angagwirizanitse iwo ku mabungwe yeniyeni (mwachitsanzo, masukulu). Mwalamulo, izo wakhalapo kuyambira 1865.

patsogolo kwambiri pothetsa tsankho mu United States pakhala okha cha m'ma XX. Iye wakhala zogwirizana ndi nambala ya malamulo atsopano kuti mwakufuna ufulu wa Chimereka, Amwenye ndi akuda.

Zocitika za Ku Klux Klan

Ku Klux Klan - mabungwe komwe ananyamuka ku US mu 1865. Kusala (mitundu) wakuda ndi chiwonongeko thupi cholinga chake chachikulu. Chikhazikitso cha chiphunzitso maganizo a Ku Klux Klan anali lingaliro la chapamwamba mwa mtundu woyera pa ena.

A ochepa mfundo chidwi mbiri ya gulu:

• Ku Klux Klan atatu anakumana ndi chitsitsimutso. Mu 1871, bungwe unatha kwa nthawi yoyamba. Pambuyo pa chitsitsimutso mu m'ma XX, ndi Ku Klux Klan adzakhala sakhalanso pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Kukhazikitsanso yatsopano ya gulu ankanena za 1970.
• zovala Grotesque ankavala a KKK anali kwenikweni mantha. Iwo inkakhala ndi mkanjo lonse, nthawi pointy zipewa ndi masks.
• Masiku ano, Ku Klux Klan si gulu limodzi. malo munthu zochita zake zili mwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Kusankhana mitundu Europe: nordism ndi ukhondo mitundu

Nordism - tsankho (mitundu), amene wakhala ambiri ku Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma XX, makamaka Nazi Germany. Bukuli lili ndi chiphunzitso cha chapamwamba mwa Masewerera a Nordic (Aryan) mpikisano pa ena. Nordism oyambitsa ndi ideologues waukulu ankaona akatswiri French Zhozef De Gobineau ndi Georges de A Lyapuzh wanu.

Mitundu kusasalana ndi kumayiko ena mu ulamuliro wa Nazi ku Germany anali zochokera otchedwa mitundu ukhondo. Mfundo imeneyi unayamba mu ulimi sayansi, Alfred Ploetz. Rassenschande anauzidwa ndi mafuko Ayuda - Ayuda. Komanso, analengeza mitundu otsika ndi zina: French, Majipise ndi Asilavo. Mu Nazi Germany, Ayuda poyamba itachotsedwa moyo chuma ndi ndale za boma. Komabe, kale mu 1938 zimayamba chiwonongeko thupi la mtundu Ayuda. chiyambi chake chinali "Crystal Night" - ndi pogrom ikuchitika mu Germany, Austria mwina mfuti SA mayunitsi.

Kuthana ndi tsankho

Lero, nkhondo yolimbana ndi tsankho ndi cholinga cha mayiko onse demokalase. Malire a ufulu ndi kumasulika zosemphana ndi mfundo za anthu masiku ano. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1951 mpaka 1995, mabungwe lonse, nambala ya zikalata, kudzudzula ndi oletsa tsankho pa malo ena aliwonse (mtundu, jenda kapena chipembedzo). Udindo pa inadmissibility wa kulandidwa ufulu alipo mu European Convention on Human Rights. M'mayiko ambiri masiku ano Tsiku la International Against tsankho (March 21) unachitikira misonkhano misa ndi malankhulidwe.