Nyumba - ndi ... Kumakomo nyumba. nyumba zaboma. Ntchito yomanga nyumba

Nyumba - dongosolo pansi ofotokoza amene ali ndi danga mkati. Zokha malo kwa moyo kapena ntchito, komanso kukumana ndi zosowa za anthu a.

etiology

Mawu akuti "nyumba", nthawi zambiri zinachokera ku mwambo wakale Russian akuti "zdati". ankatha "kumanga" mu masiku akale. Ntchito wakale mawu akuti "zdati" Nayenso anabwera kuchokera nauni ndi "zd". M'masiku amenewo mawu amatanthauza "dongo" (iyo inasonyeza nkhani yaikulu yomanga). Kuyambira mawu omwewa akukhulupirira kuti zachitika, ndipo mawu monga "kulenga" ndi "mmisiri".

Kuti siligwira ntchito kwa nyumba?

Mawu amenewa adzakhala ntchito kwa nyumba nthaka amene alibe malo mkati. Mwachitsanzo, flyovers zoyendera ndiponso milatho nsanja kuzirala, etc. Musati kugwera mu gulu la nyumba, ambiri undersea ndi nyumba mobisa. mndandanda lawo kumaphatikizapo madamu, ngalande, etc. nyumba zonsezi amatchedwa nyumba zomangamanga kapena nyumba chabe. Mwa zinthu zimenezi ndi iwo amene ali yokhala ofanana nyumbayi. Mwachitsanzo, madzi nsanja. Monga mukhoza kukhala ndi kukonzetsa mabizinezi ngati mafakitale, anafuna yokonza zipangizo, etc.

zinthu zamakono

Nyumba - chifukwa cha ntchitoyo. Ndi dongosolo chochuluka ndi pamwambapa nthaka mbali mobisa. Komanso, zomangamanga aliyense ali mkati, kulumikiza ndi machitidwe zomangamanga thandizo. pomanga tinapangidwa zochitika makamaka anthu. Ngati ntchito amakhalamo, ndiye nyumba iyi zogona. Nyumba angathe kutikonza kusunga mankhwala kuti chuma nyumba komanso zili nyama. Aliyense wa zinthu zimenezi zimagawidwa monga "nyumba sanali zogona."

Zochitika za chisankho danga akukonzekera ntchito yomanga ali motere:

1. malo. Iwo dissect mkati lonse la chinthu makamaka. Magawo ena a buku la yomanga chinthu - ichi ndi chipinda. Nyumba, monga ulamuliro, ogaŵikana mipata (zipinda, makonde ndi zina zotero. D.), Okhala mpanda kumbali zonse. Kuchotsedwa malo awa, mbewu zomwe zili pa mlingo umodzi, wotchedwa pansi.

2. chapansi. Izi pansi pa nyumba, limene lili pansipa chizindikiro pansi mlingo.
3. The pansi (chapansi). Pamafunikanso malo ili pansipa m'dera akhungu (koma palibe oposa theka a msinkhu wake).
4. pamwamba-pansi mbewu. Izi ya zipinda ili pamwamba chizindikiro pansi.
5. chapamwamba. Iwo ndi chipinda pamwamba denga pansi pamwamba pansipa denga ndi kumanga.
6. chapamwamba. Choncho kuitana chipinda, umene unali chifukwa cha Kugawilidwa kwanthaka mwa danga chapamwamba. Maziko chapamwamba anamanga denga ndipo lapangidwa nyumba kapena podsobok.
7. zaumisiri pansi. danga lakonzedwa kuti akomere zida zomangamanga, komanso kumanga aya koyenera kuti kugwira ntchito kwa nyumba. Angakhale pansi mu mmunsi mwa nyumbayo (luso mobisa) ndi chapamwamba (luso pansi). Nthawi zina kukhuta mwachindunji pamwamba malemba. Iwo akhoza adzaikidwa, ndi pansi woyamba m'nyumba nyumba ndi cholinga pagulu.

zinthu structural

Nyumba - nyumba ali ndi chipolopolo zakuthupi, amene amachita mu udindo wa mbali zosiyanasiyana osiyana - .. maziko, makoma, padenga, etc. Izi zinthu structural. Nawonso, zigawo ang'onoang'ono zoduliratu - magawo ndi mankhwala denga, slabs precast, etc ...

zinthu zonse structural wa nyumbayi anawagawa kuteteza ndi kuthandiza. Kupita ina mtundu kumatanthauza cholinga ndi zikhalidwe za machitidwe a m'madera amenewa kapangidwe ka nyumbayi.

Gulu la zinthu structural monga chotengera ndi zotheka ngati akuvomereza mitundu yonse ya katundu mphamvu kuti mkatimkati mwa machitidwe a nyumbayi. Koma nyumba envelopu cholinga kupeza malo mkati mwa nyumba kuchokera kunja ndipo zosiyanasiyana anamanga pa malo osiyana.

Thandizo zinthu zazikulu za zinthu nyumba monga: maziko, mizati, nsanamira, ndi ziwalo zofanana. Kuteteza ziwalo - zitseko ndi mawindo, denga ndi mpanda. Pali nyumbayi ndi zinthu zimene kuphatikiza ntchito ya structural ndipo sanali structural (mwachitsanzo, makoma mkati).

Gulu la nyumba ndi cholinga

Analandira zotsatirazi kugawira zinthu nyumbayi kuti ali pansi zomangamanga ndi buku mkati:

1. Kumakomo nyumba. Izi ndi zinthu zimene ankatanthauza kuti ntchito amakhalamo. Zikuphatikizapo hostels ndi m'mahotela. M'gulu mndandanda wa nyumba ndi nyumba ndi zipinda nyumba zina, kukwera nyumba, etc.
2. nyumba Public. Zikuphatikizapo zakale, masewera a sitima, Masitolo, malaibulale, tambirimbiri, etc.
3. Industrial nyumba. Izi mafakitale mphamvu.
4. ulimi nyumba. Zikuphatikizapo malo, minda, ziweto, etc.
5. Administrative nyumbayi. Izi nyumba, kuti lizichirikiza maofesi.

Ntchito yomanga nyumba ikuchitika pamaziko a digiri awo yodalirika, imene SNIP P-A.3-61 magulu anayi. Mwachitsanzo, chikhalidwe zinachitika zipilala (zachifumu ndi malo, maofesi yapansi, etc.) ayenera zisungidwe kwa zaka zambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo kumanga nyumba ya kalasi imachitika mogwirizana kwambiri ndi zofunika zina kuti zomangamanga, moto kukana, etc. muyenera kutsatira SNP "ndi nyumba" mu ntchito yomanga maofesi. chikalata ichi ndi Buku n'cholinga chofuna kuteteza ufulu ndi zofuna za ogula katundu wa zomangamanga.

yomanga zogona

nyumba amenewa kungakhale a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Makamaka, iwo si a malonda (Map pa sukulu kapena mafakitale, m'zipinda zogona, malo a asilikali, ndipo, ndithudi, nyumba) ndi malonda (nyumba, mahotela malonda ndi hostels).

nyumba anawagawira chiwerengero cha storeys. Iwo ali motere:
- otsika (limodzi kapena awiri apansi);
- mkulu-nyamuka (3-5 apansi);
- mkulu-nyamuka (pa 6 apansi);
- ndi chiwerengero kuchuluka kwa mbewu (11 mpaka 16 apansi);
- mkulu-nyamuka (pamwamba 16 storeys).

nyumba Maphunziro A anafuna kuti anthu azikhalamo ndipo chiwerengero cha iwo ali mu nyumba. nyumba wotero:

- chimodzi banja (munthu);
- theka-amakadula (wophatikizidwa);
- nyumba.

Pofuna kuthetsa mavuto ndi kulenga zinthu yabwino moyo wa anthu, muyenera kusankha bwino pa chiwerengero cha storeys wa nyumba ndi malo akukonzekera dongosolo lawo.

M'matawuni yaikulu yomanga ambiri nyumba Mipikisano storey. Ndi lingaliro zomveka, ngati mukufuna kupanga nyumba zogona. SNIP amapereka mfundo zenizeni zofunika zinthu structural, komanso magwiridwe ndi ulemerero wa nyumba. Mogwirizana ndi malangizo a zomangamanga, nyumba mkulu-nyamuka ayenera anamanga nyumba cholimba. Komanso, SNIP chimafikira ayenera kupereka moto kukana zinthu zimenezi. N'chifukwa chake nyumba aatali kuposa storeys asanu akuthandiza chimango ayenera kukhala kwathunthu a analimbitsa simenti konkire ndi zomangamanga zipangizo.

Mapulani a nyumba mkulu-nyamuka ali makhalidwe yake. Chonyamulira chimango nyumba amenewa amakhala khoma.

nyumba zaboma

Ndi nyumba ntchito wamba mapulani - kuti amalola kuti ntchito yachibadwa maofesi. Ikhoza monga malo, omwe m'nyumba ndodo loyang'anira boma ndi boma ndi mabungwe.

nyumba zaboma, monga ulamuliro, ndondomeko yotere. zipinda opaleshoni m'menemo anayikidwa pa onse kapena mbali imodzi ya pakhoma zija. Pansi woyamba lakonzedwa kuti zovala ndi modutsa. Koyenera malo mu nyumba loyang'anira akukumana maofesi. Iwo anayikidwa pa apansi m'munsi, kukonza osiyana nyumba buku. Facilities khamu ndipo zikhoza kukhala pa m'zipinda za pamwamba pa thupi chachikulu.

nyumba zaboma ku nyumba midzi zinthu zambiri wophiphiritsa, mapulani ndi luso phindu. Monga ulamuliro, iwo anayikidwa m'misewu ndi mabwalo. Ambiri a nyumba awa ali pakatikati pa zina kamangidwe zikuchokera.

Zimafunika nyumba ofesi

Ntchito yomanga nyumba zolinga utsogoleri angapo mbali. Choyamba, mu nyumba amenewa ayenera kuperekedwa ambiri khomo ndi zenera mipata ndi utali wapakatikati. Komanso, nyumba zaboma - nyumba ndi zovuta chimango dongosolo. malo awo mkati cholinga m'manja ndi wotakasuka. Pa ntchito yomanga maofesi a mbali yofunika kunja kwa chinthu amatanthauza. Adalipo ndi yothandizira galasi glazing, njerwa mapeto, komanso embodiments amaphatikizidwa ndi luso mu kamangidwe ka zosiyanasiyana zipangizo.

SNP kulamula yake pa ntchito yomanga maofesi a zolinga utsogoleri. Zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:

- kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba, kugwilizana ndi mfundo EU;
- zoletsedwa ndi malamulo onse chitetezo;
- zachilengedwe ochezeka zipangizo ntchito;
- ergonomics;
- moto chitetezo;
- chinyezi, phokoso ndi kutchinjiriza moto;
- unsembe wa dongosolo wamphamvu mpweya wabwino;
- kukana kuti wochuluka mpweya ndi kutentha yofanana;
- zooneka;
- zivomerezi kukana.

Pomanga nyumba zaboma ayenera kukwaniritsa ndi zofunika zina. mndandanda lawo kumaphatikizapo amenewa:

- m'maganizo dongosolo;
- kupezeka kwa magalimoto mu chapansi pa nyumba;
- yaikulu Kulumikizana network kotheka kulumikiza ambiri zida ofesi.

Komanso, muyenera kukumbukira kuti ntchito yomanga maofesi a utsogoleri ayenera kukhala womanga odalirika.

Gulu la nyumba mafakitale

Pa siteji ya kapangidwe ka pulani ndi ndalama yomanga zofunika kwambiri ndiye matanthauziro a maofesi kopita. Chinanso chofunika gulu la likulu lake.

Industrial kumanga cholinga chake lagawidwa zotsatirazi:

- makhazikitsidwe anaikira yopanga chachikulu;
- wothandiza, malo ndi zofunikira-mafakitale nyumba, amene zinthu zolinga yokonza (chipatala, kukonza masitolo, masitolo, Laboratories, etc.);
- yomanga ndi nyumba maofesi mphamvu (boilers, magudumu gasi, compressors, etc.);
- yomanga mauthenga komanso zipangizo zoyendera (mosungira, malo kulankhulana, okwerera ndondomeko kulamulira, etc.);
- zimbudzi zolinga (kuchimbudzi ndi madzi maofesi, gasification ndi kutentha okwanira, etc.).

Zimafunika nyumba mafakitale

Kumanga malamulo kuika patsogolo zofuna zazikulu zimene ayenera kumwedwa nkhani pa kapangidwe ndi ntchito yomanga maofesi a mafakitale.

Choyamba, izo ziyenera kuperekedwa zinthu zamakono. Zikukhudza gulu zomveka chiwembu kupanga mu nyumba yomangidwa kumene ndi magawo onse a ndondomeko linanena bungwe kuchokera mayendedwe a zipangizo kupanga mankhwala. Kukwaniritsa lamulo limeneli liyenela chitukuko chotero kukula ndi mawonekedwe a nyumba yomwe pulani gululi mizati mphamvu sakanati choopsa ufulu kayendedwe ka malo ndi zipangizo zamakono. Chinthu Ichi ndi chofunika, monga kumathandiza kuti chitukuko cha ulimi ndi kumapangitsanso maneuverability ake.

Pa siteji ya kapangidwe ndi ntchito yomanga nyumba za mafakitale ayenera kumwedwa nkhani zofunika khalidwe la ukhondo-ukhondo. Iwo zopanda chilengedwe cha kantchito kuti kodi kukwaniritsa banja ndi ukhondo zosowa za ndodo. Kuti akwaniritse ziyeneretso mu mafakitale zone nyumba ayenera anakhalabe pa mlingo zinafunika zikhalidwe zonse, monga kutentha, chinyezi, kayendedwe mpweya, ndi chiyero chake. Malinga ndi zofunikira za malamulo ukhondo akhale mlingo wa Phokoso, cheza ndi phokoso.

Pa nthawi kapangidwe ndi kusankha kumanga zipangizo ayenera kuganizira zofuna za moto. Iwo wiritsani pansi ku moto kulimbikira nyumba, komanso zochita zake mapulani ndiponso kukonzekera, amene ayenera kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha storeys, malinga zopinga moto, kudziwa chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa lotulukira mwadzidzidzi ndi timipata, lotulukira ndipo passageways. nyumbayi ziyenera kuperekedwa unsembe wa madzi moto.

Yopanga maofesi lakonzedwa kuti akwaniritsa zofunikira za chuma, amene kusanduka kuchepetsa ndalama osati kumanga komanso machitidwe a pamalowo. Chifukwa chaichi, luso ndi zizindikiro zachuma.

Uwerenge ndalama koyamba zikhoza kuchepetsedwa ngati ntchito yomanga kumanga ziwembu yovomerezeka ndi mfundo kupanga m'deralo, zipangizo mtengo nyumba, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zomveka za mapulani ndi mapulani njira.