Party Communist Party: Tsiku lokhazikitsidwa, atsogoleri, zolinga

Bungwe lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe likulamulira dzikoli, linakhazikitsidwa mu 1921 pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa Kuomintang (Chinese National People's Party) ndi kutha kwa Nkhondo Yachikhalidwe ku China. Awa ndiwo Mgulu wa Chikomyunizimu wa China. CPSU yokha isanayambe kusokonezedwa ingafanane ndi CCP chiwerengero cha mamembala.

Pangani

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, kuwonjezeka kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zipolopolo kunachitika ku China, malingaliro a Marxism-Leninism anafalikira motsogoleredwa ndi Comintern ndi machitidwe onse ku Russia. Kulengedwa kwa Pulezidenti wa Chikomyunizimu ku China kunakwiyitsidwa ndi October Revolution, pambuyo pake gulu la akatswiri achi China linakhazikitsa bungwe latsopano. Kwa kanthawi ankafunika kugwira ntchito zosavomerezeka. Woyambitsa ndi mtsogoleri wa Chinese Communist Party kuyambira 1921 mpaka 1927, Chen Dus anakonza ngakhale bungwe loyamba ku Shanghai m'chilimwe cha 1921.

Ntchito yayikulu yopanga bungwe lomwe linadzangoyamba kukhala gulu lalikulu la ndale kuchokera ku bwalo laling'ono lomwe linaseweredwa ndi mtsogoleri wake wachiwiri, Li Lisan, ndi woyambitsa wotsogolera wa Marxist, Li Dazhao. Pamsonkhano woyamba, Party ya Chikomyunizimu ya ku China, yomwe pulogalamuyi idakonzedwa kale, inalengeza zolinga zake - mpaka kumangidwe kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku China. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, patha zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zokha zokhalapo zokambirana, zomwe zomalizira zake zinachitika mu November 2012.

Zaka za Mbiri ya Party

Choyamba, ndi Kuomintang, Party ya Chikomyunizimu ya China inagwirizana ndi magulu ankhondo onse - First United Front. Kenaka, zaka khumi zisanachitike 1937, iye adamenyera nkhondo ndi Kuomintang. Koma pamene dziko la China linkazunzidwa ku Japan, CCP inagwirizanitsa ndi otsutsa ndale kuti atsegule mgwirizano wachiwiri wotsutsana kutsogolo kwa Japan. Asanagonjetse konse fascism (September 1945) nkhondoyi inatha.

Mu 1946, nkhondo yolimbana ndi Kuomintang idayambanso ndipo mpaka 1949 inakula ngati nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha China chinagonjetsa Kuomintang ndipo, chifukwa cha kupambana kumeneku, chinayamba kulamulira m'dzikoli. Republic of People's Republic of China inakhazikitsidwa. Ndiye Mao Zedong adayamba Chikhalidwe cha Revolution. Ziwalo zonse zapakati za Party zakhala zikukonzanso kapena kusakhalanso. Mpaka mu 1956, nthawi ya China inali yosavuta. Mao atamwalira, Deng Xiaoping anabwezeretsa pafupifupi ziwalo zonse za phwando, ndipo matupi a boma adabwereranso pansi pa ulamuliro wa chipani.

Kulamulira

Pulezidenti wa CPC amapereka bungwe lolamulira la chipani, lomwe liri China-China Congress ya Party ya Chikomyunizimu ya China, yomwe idasonkhanitsidwa kamodzi kwa zaka zisanu. Komanso, palinso mabungwe olamulira. Iyi ndi Komiti Yaikulu, yomwe Politburo ya Komiti Yaikulu ya CCP ili ndi anthu makumi awiri ndi asanu (pakati pawo asanu ndi awiri ndiwo Komiti Yoyimira Komiti Yaikulu), bungwe lolamulira ndi Mlembi Wamkulu wa Komiti Yaikulu ya CPC yomwe imatsogoleredwa ndi Secretariat wa Komiti Yaikulu ya CPC. Ndipo pomalizira pake, bungwe la milandu la ku Central Central la CPC limagwirizanitsa ndi kuyang'anira bungwe la asilikali la PRC.

Tsiku ndi tsiku amalamulira, amayang'anira, akukonzekera kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi ntchito zina za General Directorate (Ofesi ya CPC Central Committee). Kuwonjezera apo, palinso Central Commission, yomwe ili pansi pa bungwe la All-China Congress, pantchito zake - kuyang'anira chilango, kulimbana ndi ziphuphu komanso zolakwa zina zomwe zimakhalapo m'bungwe la chipani. Palinso bungwe la Politico-Legal Commission m'dzikoli monga bungwe lalikulu la malamulo ndi malamulo. Kusiyana kwa chitetezo cha ndale ndi ntchito za chitetezo chakuthupi cha oyang'anira pamwamba ndi Central Bureau of Security ya CCP.

Ntchito za msonkhano

Msonkhanowo uli ndi ntchito ziwiri: umayambitsa ndi kuvomereza kusintha, kusintha kwa lamulo la chipani, ndipo amasankha Komiti Yaikulu ya Party ya Chikomyunizimu ya China. Kenaka Komiti Yaikulu pa plenum imasankha Politburo pamodzi ndi Komiti Yomweyo ndi Mlembi Wamkulu. Koma pafupifupi zosankha zonsezi zimatengedwa nthawi yayitali isanayambe msonkhano, pomwe pokhapokha malamulo omwe bungwe la Chikomyunizimu la China lidzagwiritse ntchito komanso zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha dzikoli kwa zaka zisanu zotsatira zikukhazikitsidwa.

Komiti ya CCP siyi yokhayoyi yamphamvu ya ndale ya China. Palinso Bungwe la Boma ndi People's Liberation Army. Bungwe la People's Political Consultative liri ndi ufulu wokhala ndi voti yolankhulana, ndipo mu 1980s Central Commission, yokhazikitsidwa ndi Deng Xiaoping, ikugwira ntchito, pomwe alangizi a CCP anakumana.

Chiwerengero cha

Mmene bungwe la Communist Party la China linakhazikitsidwa mu 1921 silinafanane ndi zandale zamakono, popeza bungweli linali laling'ono kwambiri: nthumwi khumi ndi ziwiri zokha zinapita ku msonkhano woyamba ku Shanghai. Pofika m'chaka cha 1922, chiwerengero cha Chikomyunizimu chinakula kwambiri: anali zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu ndi anayi ndi awiri. Mu 1923, CCP inawerengera anthu mazana anayi ndi makumi awiri, chaka kenako - pafupifupi chikwi. Mu 1927, chipani chinakula mpaka mamembala 58,000, ndipo mu 1945 - oposa milioni. Pamene kukana kwa Kuomintang kunagwera, kukula kwa phwandolo kunasintha, pofika mu 1957 anthu oposa khumi miliyoni adalowa mu CCP, ndipo mu 2000 chiwerengero chawo chinakula kufika pa makumi asanu ndi limodzi.

Msonkhano wotsatira wa phwando mu 2002 unaloleza kuvomereza kwa amalonda ku bizinesi yake, zomwe zinachulukitsa chiwerengero cha mamembala awo. Komanso, Zhang Ruimin, yemwe ndi purezidenti wa Haier Corporation, adasankhidwa ku Komiti Yaikulu, yomwe inali chinthu chosadabwitsa kwambiri mpaka pano. Mwachitsanzo, mamiliyoni ndi mabiliyoni ambiri adabwera ku CCP, mwachitsanzo, Liang Wengu anachita nawo mwakhama msonkhano wa CCP, ngakhale kuti anali ndi mndandanda woyamba wa mamiliyoni ambiri mu magazini ya Forbes. Lero, CCP ili ndi anthu oposa 85 miliyoni.

Zotsatira za Chikhalidwe Chakusintha

Pakati pa 1965 mpaka 1976, zochitika za ndale za ku China, zomwe zimatchedwa Cultural Revolution, zinayambitsa zovuta ndi zovuta mkati mwa Party ya Chikomyunizimu, yomwe idali chifukwa cha ndondomeko za Mao Zedong komanso zochokera kunja.

Othandizira ake, mothandizidwa ndi magulu ankhondo okhulupirika ndi ophunzira, anawononga mabungwe onse a chipani kupatulapo asilikali, makomiti a chipani omwe anathetsedwa, ogwira ntchito a Party, kuphatikizapo mamembala ambiri ogwira ntchito, omwe akufunira Politburo ndi CPC Central Committee.

Kusintha

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mao, panalibe mpaka 1979 kuti dziko linayambitsa kusintha ndi kukulitsa maubwenzi akunja, motsogoleredwa ndi Deng Xiaoping, mlembi wamkulu kuyambira 1976 mpaka 1981. Zolinga za Party ya Chikomyunizimu ya China zasintha kwambiri, chifukwa dzikoli linali lofunika kwambiri masiku ano. Kusinthika kunkachitika mwakhama komanso kwakukulu kwambiri m'madera onse a ndondomeko zandale komanso zachuma.

Motero, malangizo akuluakulu adatsimikiziridwa, malinga ndi zomwe chitukuko cha dziko chiyenera kuchitika. Cholinga chatsopano chinali kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikhalidwe chachisankhulo ndi chi China, chomwe chimawonetsa kuti kupitiliza kusintha ndi kutseguka kwa dziko lakunja. Xi Jinping, yemwe anasankhidwa kukhala mlembi wamkulu mu 2012, adapitirizabe ndondomekoyi, kutsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe zapitazo: dzikoli likhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe la Communist Party la China.

Kulamulira ndale

Mkonzi wa zomangamanga anali Deng Xiaoping, yemwe adayesetsa mwamphamvu kuyesetsa kuti apitirizebe kugwira ntchito pa CCP. Mphamvu za chipani ndi zomwe zatha zololedwa ngakhale m'mikhalidwe ya masiku ano ya China kukana njira ya demokalase ndikusunga maziko a ndale omwe adayamba kale. Pachifukwa chimodzi, chisankho ichi chinakhudzidwa ndi chitsanzo cha USSR, ndi zina - zitsanzo za Taiwan ndi South Korea. Pulezidenti wapampando ali ndi mphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali pa dongosolo la PRC la ndondomeko ya Party.

Cholinga ndi cholinga chatsopano cha "kumanga chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe ndi chiyankhulo cha Chitchaine" chinachitika pakufunika kusintha kwa "kuchokera pamwamba," ndiko kusintha kwa anthu, zomasuka ndi zachuma, koma polemekeza kupitiriza mphamvu ndi kusunga mbali yaikulu ya chipani muzochitika zonse. Mawu akuti "Socialism" ndi ofunika apa. Ndicho chifukwa chake dzina la Mao Zedong silidzasankhidwa konse ku China. Tsopano, mwa njira, imamveketsa nthawi zambiri komanso ndi umulungu wopanda kale. Mphamvu ya CCP ikubwerera ku mizu yake.

Magulu a Intraparty

Anthu otchedwa "Peking Komsomols" - omwe ndi a Neo-Maoists, omwe amapezeka m'madera osauka kwambiri, amalimbikitsa kuthamanga kwadzidzidzi kwa malo awo omwe amawononga chuma chawo, makamaka m'madera akumidzi. Amawona China kukhala mtsogoleri m'dziko lotukuka. Mtsogoleri wa gululi ndi yemwe anali Mlembi Wamkulu wa CPC Central Committee Hu Jintao. Wotsatira wake m'malo mwa mlembi wamkulu - Xi Jinping kwa nthawi yaitali ankawoneka kuti anali wothandizira "Shanghai Group", komabe adagwirizana ndi "Beijing".

Anthu omwe amati ndi "Shanghai clique" ndi anthu a Shanghai, akuluakulu a CCP, omwe "adalimbikitsidwa" ndi Jiang Zemin , adakali mtsogoleri wa Shanghai, ndipo pambuyo pake adalandira udindo wa tcheyamani wa PRC. Atachoka ku malowa, ulusi wa mphamvu mu utsogoleri wonse wa CCP unakhala m'manja mwake, paliponse panali anthu. Pali phwando pamwamba pa gulu lina lotchedwa "Wosasunthika Kale," lomwe limatsutsana ndi kusintha kwa msika.

Xi Jinping

Mu 2012, Xi Jinping anabwera pamalo a Hu Jintao, yemwe adatsogolera phwando kwa zaka khumi. Chisankho ichi kwa nthawi yaitali "chinakhala": zaka zisanu isanafike nthawi ino, idasankhidwa mwachisawawa kuti adzakhala mtsogoleri wa chipani cha Communist Party cha China. Kenaka anatenga gawo lachiwiri - anakhala wotsogolera wa komiti ya asilikali ku China.

Pang'onopang'ono, "ma mtedza" mkati mwa phwando amakhala omangirizidwa nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, kunali malamulo atsopano mu 2015, kuletsa Akakominisi a Chitchaina kusewera golf, kudya chakudya chodetsa nkhaŵa komanso kupezeka pamisonkhano. Ziriletsedwa mwamtheradi mwa mtundu uliwonse kutsutsa chipani.

Zambiri makamaka zotsutsa

Kuonjezera apo, kuyambira pa 1 January, 2016, mamembala a chipani adaletsedwa kuti azipita kuntchito, galasi, ndi magulu ena onse. Iwo amalembedwa kuphweka mu mawonetseredwe onse ndi kutetezedwa ku zopambanitsa. Zotsutsa zimakhala zovuta kwambiri: Sitiyenera kukhala ndemanga zopanda phindu ponena za ndondomeko ya chipani, nzika siziyenera kusinthidwa, kupita kunja kwina, ziyanjano zosavomerezeka ndi osakhala phwando sichikuthandizidwa (izi zimaphatikizapo anthu oyandikana nawo mderalo, anzanu a kusukulu ndi anzanga omwe ali m'gululi ), Musagwiritse ntchito zogonana, makamaka kuti musapereke, "kugonana" koyenera, nayenso, sikuyenera kukhala. Kotero, tcheyamani wa Party ya Chikomyunizimu ya China amafuna, mwachiwonekere, kukhazikitsa boma latsopano loletsa chiphuphu, komanso kulimbitsa mphamvu zake.

Kuletsa Chipembedzo mu CCP

Kusagwirizana ndi chipembedzo tsopano kunayamba kudera nkhawa anthu onse a Party Chinese Communist Party, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a boma. Zochita zachipembedzo za nzika zomwe zimatenga kapena kuchitapo kanthu pokhapokha zimayang'aniridwa ndipo zimatsatira chilango chochotsedwa. Malingana ndi Reuters, ngakhale akuluakulu apuma pantchito saloledwa kuchita nawo zinthu zachipembedzo. Ngakhale lamulo lachi China likunena ufulu wa chipembedzo, Party ya Chikominisi ya China imatsatira otsatira onse omwe ali, monga lamulo, mamembala a phwando.

China cha nyuzipepala ya ku China inafalitsa ndondomeko ya dipatimenti ya bungwe, yomwe imati anthu akale a boma amayenera kupeŵa kukhala m'chipembedzo. Mamembala a chipani sangathe kujowina nawo mabungwe achipembedzo, mosiyana ndi iwo, ayenera kulimbikira mwatsatanetsatane zoipa zachipembedzo. Komabe, ntchito ndizovomerezeka, zimatsindika thupi la bomali, lomwe likugwirizana ndi miyambo yamtundu uliwonse, ngati sichigwirizana ndi chipembedzo cha kuvomereza kulikonse. Mabungwe achipembedzo ku People's Republic of China chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana asintha kwambiri, ndicho chifukwa chake mayankho omwe amatsutsana ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo osiyanasiyana athwanyidwa, kuthetsedwa kwakukulu kwa magulu osiyanasiyana achipembedzo ndi zochita zikuchitika.