Wojciech Jaruzelski: biography, moyo waumwini ndi ntchito za boma

Mtsogoleri wa Poland, wolemba ndale wodabwitsa kwambiri, Wojciech Jaruzelski, yemwe anali wochititsa chidwi, anakhala moyo wautali komanso wotanganidwa kwambiri. Mu moyo wake panali mwayi, zoperewera, kupambana ndi zochitika zambiri zomwe sizikukhudza anthu onse, koma dziko lonse lapansi. Funsani za yemwe ali wa Amalonda Wojciech Jaruzelski, ndipo kuyembekezera yankho losafunika ndi lodabwitsa. Ntchito yake inali yosiyana kwambiri kuti ipeze mayeso osadziwika. Komanso, lero anthu a m'dzikoli sangathe kufufuza mozama kufunika kwake ku Poland, ambiri a iwo akuimbidwa mlandu wa machimo onse. Koma moyo wake uli woyenera kuphunzira zambiri.

Banja ndi zaka za ana

M'tauni ya ku Poland ya ku Kuruwe pa July 6, 1923, mwana wa Wojciech Jaruzelski anabadwira m'banja la mkulu wa enieni, mwini nyumba. Banjalo linali ndi mizu yakalekale, m'zaka za m'ma 15-16 zaka za makolo a Jaruzelski zinkaphatikizidwa mu chiwerengero cha onyamula m'manja a Slepovron. Agogo-agogo ake aamuna Wojciech adagwira nawo ntchito yotchuka ya ku Poland ponena za kubwezeretsedwa kwa Commonwealth ya Polish-Lithuanian m'mayiko akalekale. Apolisiwo anagonjetsedwa mu 1863, ndipo agogo ake a Jaruzelski anatengedwa kupita ku Siberia. Pambuyo pake banja linabwerera ku Poland, koma, n'zosadabwitsa kuti mbiri ya banja inayamba kubwerera.

Ana Wojciech ankakhala ku Poland komwe anali ndi zaka 5, ndipo anali ndi mlongo wamng'ono Teresa. Mnyamatayu anatumizidwa ku katswiri wina wochita masewera achikatolika wotchuka ku Katolika ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, koma mu 1939 banjalo linasamukira ku Lithuania, ndipo zimenezi zinasankha kusasangalatsa. Iye analibe nthawi yoti amalize masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Kuthamangitsidwa

Mu 1939, Lithuania, chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati pa USSR ndi Germany ya Nazi, idachoka kupita ku Soviet Union chifukwa cha mgwirizano wosagwirizana. Koma pamene asilikali a ku Poland anaukira dziko la Poland, boma la Soviet linaganiza zomangirira ndi kutumiza anthu olemekezeka a ku Poland (osakhulupirika) ochokera ku mabungwe a Baltic kupita ku Siberia.

Wojciech Jaruzelski ndi achibale ake anabwera ku Altai. Mutu wa banja lathu anatumizidwa kumsasa ku Altai Territory, ndipo amayi anga ndi ana anga awiri anapita kumalo osungirako nyama mumtsinje wa Turochak, kumene Wojciech anagwirira ntchito pamtengowo. Zamoyo zinali zosatheka kulemera, Jaruzelski adapeza kumeneko "khungu la chisanu". Koma, malinga ndi zomwe anakumbukira, anthu a m'deralo anachitira bwino anthu oterewa. Wojciech anaphunzira Chirasha ndipo anasintha maganizo pa anthu a ku Russia. Iye anakulira mu miyambo yotsutsa-Russian, ndipo atatha kupha Altai, anakumana ndi anthu ambiri odzipereka omwe amayesa kuthandiza moyo wa akapolo.

Akuluakulu a Jaruzelski sakanakhoza kugwira ntchito mwakhama ndipo posakhalitsa anamwalira, Wojciech anamuika iye, atapanga nyuzipepala m'malo mobisa ku Pravda. Pasanapite nthawi mayiyo anamwalira. Mlongoyu adatumizidwa kumalo osungirako ana amasiye, ndipo pulezidenti wa dziko la Poland adzalandira ntchito ku Karaganda. Kumeneko anafunika kugwira ntchito m'migodi, komwe anavulazidwa mochedwa, zomwe zinamveka m'moyo wake wonse.

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse

Mu 1943 Wojciech Jaruzelski mwachangu analoŵa usilikali, gulu la asilikali a Kosciuszko. Anaphunzira ku Sukulu ya Ryazan Infantry ndipo anapita kutsogolo ngati Luteni. Anayamba ndi mkulu wa asilikali ndipo pofika m'chaka cha 1945 anakhala wothandizira mkulu wa antchito. Jaruzelski analowa nawo nkhondo kuti amasulidwe ku Warsaw, anamenyana ku Baltic, Vistula, Oder, Elbe. Chifukwa cha kulimbika mtima adalandira mphoto zambiri za usilikali, kuphatikizapo malamulo olemekezeka kwambiri ku Poland - Valor Military (Order Wojenny Virtuti Militari).

Moyo wamasewera

Nkhondo itatha, Wojciech Jaruzelski anakhala kunyumba. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1945, adagwira nawo ntchito yolimbana ndi gulu la pansi pa "Ufulu ndi Kudziimira", cholinga chachikulu chomwe chinali kulimbana ndi ulamuliro wa Soviet ndi ntchito komanso kuchotsedwa kwa asilikali a Red Army ku Poland. Gululi linagwirizanitsa ndi Ukrainian Insurgent Army, ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo ndi CIA ndipo anaphwanyidwa mwamphamvu ndi akuluakulu a boma ku Poland mothandizidwa ndi USSR. Mu 1947, Jaruzelski analowa m'gulu la Communist Party, lomwe patapita chaka linadziwika kuti Polish United Workers 'Party. Iye anaganiza kuti ntchito yake inali ntchito ya usilikali, ndipo adalowa mu Sukulu Yapamwamba ya Infantry, kenako anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Academy of General Staff.

Njira ya ntchito

Pambuyo pa Academy, Jaruzelski mwamsanga akukwera phirilo. Choyamba ali ndi udindo wa mphunzitsi ku sukulu yachinyumba, kenako akukhala Mtsogoleri wa mabungwe a maphunziro a usilikali, kwa zaka zitatu amalamulira magawo osiyanasiyana, kenako akutsogolera ulamuliro wa Politics Chief Politics. Mu 1962 adasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti wa chitetezo, ndipo patapita zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi adakhala mtumiki. Chifukwa chake pa nkhaniyi, adagwira nawo ntchito yotereyi monga kuloŵa kwa asilikali a mayiko a Warsaw Pact, ndipo makamaka Soviet, ku Czechoslovakia.

M'zaka za m'ma 70s, Pulezidenti Jaruzelski nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi mkwiyo waukulu. Choyamba, adapereka lamulo loletsa chisokonezo chomwe chinachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitengo ya chakudya. Anamuneneza kuti adawomberedwa ndi owonetsa ku Gdańsk mu 1970.

Jaruzelski nthawizonse anali wolamulira wa Soviet, ndipo izi zinamuthandiza kupita kumtunda. Ntchito yopanga bwino ndi yolemba ntchito Wojciech. Mu 1970, Jaruzelski - membala wa Politburo, ndipo kuyambira 1971 - membala wa Politburo wa PUWP. Mu 1981 iye adatsogolera Bungwe la Atumiki a Republic of People's Republic, ngakhale kuti adakhalapo kwa miyezi ingapo.

Kumalo otchedwa Poland

Mu October 1981 Wojciech Jaruzelski adakhala wachiwiri m'dzikoli, adatsogolera Komiti Yaikulu ya Polish Party. Pamene adakhala mtsogoleri wa phwando, dzikoli linali kukulirakulira . Izi zinalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito za Solidarity Union, zomwe zinkafuna kuchotsa Soviet protectorate. Poyankha, Soviet Union inangotengera asilikali ku malire a ku Poland, zomwe zinayambitsa mkwiyo watsopano. Mkhalidwe uwu, mutu wa Poland ankawopa kwambiri kubweretsa asilikali ku dziko lake, choncho adafuna kukhazikitsa lamulo la nkhondo lomwe linatenga zaka ziwiri. Chizunzo ndi kumangidwa kwa omenyera nkhondo kumayambitsa dziko.

Mu 1985, Jaruzelski anakhala mtsogoleri wa bungwe la boma, mwachitsanzo, munthu wofunikira kwambiri m'dzikoli. Kwa zaka ziwiri anayesa kuthana ndi mkwiyo, koma anangokula. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, nkhondoyi inadzetsa mavuto azachuma, ku Poland vuto limayamba, ndipo izi zimangowonjezera mavuto. Wojciech Jaruzelski anaganiza zopita kukambirana ndi mamembala a Solidarity, iye anali mtsogoleri yekha wochokera ku mayiko ena. Msasa, womwe unatenga gawo lomwelo. Iye adapititsa mndandanda wa zovomerezeka zomwe omverawo adafuna, koma izi sizinathetse mgwirizano. Panthawiyo, dzikoli linali lovuta kwambiri, linali ndi ngongole yaikulu kunja kwa USSR ndi maiko akumadzulo, chuma chifukwa cha kasamalidwe kameneka chinasokonekera, kusakhutira kwa anthu wamba ndi mavuto a moyo unakula. Ndipo Solidarity, yotsogoleredwa ndi Lech Walesa, ikuyamba kusonyeza osati zachuma chabe komanso zofuna za ndale.

Jaruzelski ankakhulupirira kuti kuyambika kwa asilikali a Soviet kuli ndi mavuto aakulu osati dziko lake lonse, koma dziko lonse lapansi, kotero anayesera kuti agwirizane ndi otsutsa. Poland kwa USSR inali dziko lofunika kwambiri, mdziko ndi ndale, kotero asilikali a Soviet anali okonzeka kuti alowemo kuti asunge ulamuliro wawo, ndipo izi, malinga ndi mutu wa Poland, zinali zodzaza ndi nkhondo zapadziko lapansi komanso nkhondo yapadziko lonse.

"Wojciech Jaruzelski ndi Cold War" ndi nkhani ina ya kafukufuku wam'tsogolo ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi asayansi, koma zikuonekeratu kuti iye sanafune zotsatira zoterozo, choncho anayesera kupeza yankho lamtendere. Koma zokambirana sizinapangitse zotsatira zabwino, ndipo anayenera kugwirizana kuti asankhe chisankho cha demokarasi.

M'chaka cha 1989 chisankho cha Seimas ndi udindo wa pulezidenti chinagwiridwa ndi wokhayokhayo - Jaruzelski. Kwa chaka chinali Purezidenti wa People's Republic of Poland, koma Poland sichikanatha kuthetsa mavuto. Mu 1990, nthawi yake idatha, anavomera kusankha chisankho cha demokalase ndipo sanachitepo nawo. Iye adayima "pa chithandizi" kwa zaka 9, panthaŵi yake anali ndi mavuto ambiri, omwe adayesa kuthetsa njira zosiyanasiyana, koma ku Poles ambiri adakhala "nkhope" ya boma lodedwa.

Moyo pambuyo pa mphamvu

Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofotokozera za Jaruzelski Wojciech, koma atasiya ntchito yake moyo wake unasintha kwambiri: kuchokera kuntchito yayikulu komanso udindo uliwonse. Masikuwo anayenda mwamtendere komanso mwamtendere. Lech Walesa, mosiyana ndi "anzako" ochokera ku mayiko ena akale a chikhalidwe, sanafunefune mtsogoleri wakale wa dziko la Poland, ngakhale kuti anthu anali ndi nkhawa kwambiri. Jaruzelski adachoka kumoyo wokhudzana ndi moyo. Koma munthu wake sanadandaule ndi apolisi, maphwando angapo anayesera kuti amunene mlandu chifukwa cha anthu omwe amamukana. Ndipo m'chaka cha 2007, bwalo lamilandu linayambitsa mlandu wa milandu ya nkhondo ya Jaruzelski ndi anzake asanu ndi atatu. Khotilo linali lalitali kwambiri, ndipo mu 2011 khoti linagamula kuthetsa milandu mlandu wa mkulu wakale wa dziko la Poland polingana ndi umoyo wake.

Mizere ndi mphoto

Pa moyo wake wautali Jaruzelski Wojciech Witold analandira mphoto zambiri. Iye anali wonyada kwambiri chifukwa cha ziyeneretso zake za nkhondo: Order of Armor Valor, Cross Cross of Grvewald, Order of the Cross of Grunwald. Komanso, adapatsidwa mphoto zambiri kuchokera ku USSR ndi mayiko ena a kampani ya Socialist.

Mu 2006, adapatsidwa lamulo la Cross of the Exiled, pozindikira kuti Jaruzelski adakondwera kuti Purezidenti Lech Kaczynski akhoza kuthana ndi malingaliro ake omwe anali nawo kale. Izi zinayambitsa chisokonezo chachikulu pakati pa anthu. Pulezidenti adayankha kuti sanawone dzina la Jaruzelski mndandanda wa omwe adapatsidwa, pamene adasaina lamuloli. Ndipo Wojciech wotembereredwa uja adabwezera mphoto.

Jaruzelski ananyamuka pa udindo wa mkulu wa asilikali, sanapereke mayina aulemu kwa iye mwini panthawi ya ulamuliro wake.

Moyo waumwini

Wojciech Jaruzelski, yemwe nthawi zonse moyo wake unali wokondwereka ndi Amitundu, sanapereke zifukwa zankhanza ndi zopweteka. Iye kuyambira 1960 anali wokwatiwa ndi Barbara Jaruzelskaya, banjali anali ndi mwana wamkazi, Monica, akulera mdzukulu wake. Zinkawoneka kuti chirichonse mu banja lake chinali changwiro basi. Koma mu 2014 chinyengo chinayamba. Mkazi wa zaka 84, adakalipira Jaruzelski, yemwe ali ndi zaka 90 zokhudzana ndi namwino wa chipatala. Iye adati sangavomereze kusudzulana. Kukula kwa chisokonezo sikuchitika chifukwa cha imfa ya purezidenti wakale.

Imfa ndi Memory

May 25, 2014 Wojciech Jaruzelski, amene chithunzi chake chinawonekera m'mauthenga onse a dziko lapansi, adamwalira. Zisanachitike, anadwala matenda ena, ndipo madokotala sanathe kupirira zotsatira zake. Purezidenti anaikidwa m'manda ndi ulemu wa usilikali, omwe kale anali a Pulezidenti a Lech Walesa ndi Alexander Kwasniewski adapezeka pamsonkhanowu . Anamuika m'manda a Jaruzelski ku Necropolis a asilikali achiPolish, omwe anakhumudwitsa anthu ambiri ku Poland. Pokumbukira anthu a kudziko lakwale Wojciech Jaruzelski adakhalabe wolamulira wankhanza, koma kwenikweni adayesa kupeza mgwirizano pakati pa chikoka cha kunja ndi kutsutsana komweko m'dzikolo. Masiku ano, pofika pozindikira kuti Poland ndi Jaruzelski anali ndi mwayi kuti sanalole kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo yovuta kwambiri ya pro-Soviet ku boma.

Ndemanga

Wojciech Jaruzelski analankhula za Russia mwachikondi. Iye sanali wothandizira boma la Soviet, iye sanali wotetezera mwamphamvu wa chikominisi, koma iye ankachitira anthu Achirasha mwachikondi moyo wake wonse. Iye anati "kutumizidwa ku Altai kunasintha maganizo ake kwa anthu a ku Russia." Wojciech Jaruzelski, akukamba mawu omwe ngakhale lero akupezeka m'nkhani zandale, adati "chisankho chokhazikitsa lamulo la msilikali chidzasungabe chikumbumtima chake mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku." Ankadziŵa bwino kuti ntchito zake zinali zolimba kwambiri. Jaruzelski anati: "Sindikupepesa chifukwa chopepesa chifukwa cha vuto langa."

Zosangalatsa

Wojciech Jaruzelski anali munthu wolemekezeka kwambiri, adakhala wokhulupirika ku chilembo cholemekezeka cha moyo wake wonse. Panthawi ya ulamuliro wake, sanalandire mphoto imodzi yokha ya ku Poland, osati ma medali osangalala. Iye sanadzipatse yekha maudindo ndi maudindo, ngakhale moyo wake unali wodzichepetsa kwambiri. Pafupifupi nthawizonse Jaruzelski ankayenda mumagalasi amdima, omwe anthu amamuuza kuti anali ndi nkhanza zambiri, koma chifukwa chake chinali vuto limene analandira muzaka zomwe anathamangitsidwa ku Altai. Anayankhula Chirussia mosamalitsa, sadamwe konse, adawerenga zambiri ndipo anali munthu wanzeru kwambiri.