Dziko lachitatu: mavuto ndi zovuta zawo

Mawu oti "mayiko a dziko lapansi lachitatu" adawonekera mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri kuti atchule maiko omwe sanachite nawo mpikisano wamadzi, umene unayamba zaka makumi awiri kutha kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa mawuwa ife tikuyenera kwa Mfalansa Alfred Sauvi, yemwe anasindikiza nkhani yake mu 1952 mu imodzi mwa mabuku otchuka kwambiri omwe amasindikizidwa panthawiyo. Mu ntchito yake, Sowie anayerekeza lingaliro la mayiko atatu a dziko lapansi (mayiko omwe akutukuka) ku lingaliro la malo achitatu a anthu a chikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, chinthu chachikulu cha dziko lachitatu la padziko lapansi kuyambira m'ma 80 a zaka za m'ma 2000 chinkaonedwa kuti ndi ndalama zochepa za munthu aliyense, kubwerera mmbuyo mu chuma, ndale ndi makampani ochokera ku mayiko ena.

Pofuna kumvetsetsa zomwe dziko lachitatu la padziko lapansi lirili, choyamba chofunikira kumvetsetsa zomwe zimatchedwa mayiko otukuka. Dziko lotukuka ndi dziko lomwe boma likhoza kupereka nzika zake kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi ndi wathanzi kumbali ya malo otetezeka. Mndandanda wa mayiko omwe alipo kale akuphatikizapo: France, Australia, Sweden, Italy, Israel, Germany, United States, Japan, Vatican, Portugal, ndi zina zotero. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zikuyambika kuti zikuchitika lero ndi izi: Kusakhala ndi demokarase, kusakhazikika kwa msika, kusowa kwa ufulu wa anthu komanso zowonjezera.

Choncho, mayiko omwe akutukuka ndi mayiko omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chochepa chachuma. Poyamba, mayiko onse a South America, Africa ndi maiko ambiri a Asia akuganiziridwa. Iwo amadziwika ndi ndondomeko yosakhalitsa ya chuma, chiwerengero chochepa cha ndalama, chiwerengero chochepa cha maphunziro. Malingana ndi zolemba zina, 20% mwa anthu akuluakulu mu Africa tsopano sadziwa kuwerenga. Mayiko omwe akutukuka, omwe amatchedwanso mafakitale, amatha kupititsa patsogolo zomwe zapita patsogolo pankhani ya chitukuko cha zachuma. Izi zikuphatikizapo: South Korea, Turkey, India, Philippines, Singapore, Mexico, ndi zina zotero.

Malingana ndi kafukufuku wa zachilengedwe, mayiko a Third World akusiyana:

- njira yowunikira komanso yothandizira chuma;

- khalidwe lochepa la ntchito;

- kukhalapo kale mmalo mwa maiko;

- kusagwirizana kwa chikhalidwe.

Ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa chuma cha mayiko ambiriwa ndi chitukuko cha ulimi ndi zamakono. Pafupifupi mayiko onse a dziko lachitatu adakhalapo mpaka zaka za m'ma 2000, monga maiko ena, omwe sangawononge chitukuko cha chuma chawo ndi mafakitale. Pakati pa mayiko osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi: Ethiopia, Tanzania, Laos, Somalia, Honduras, Guatemala. Izi ziyenera kunenedwa kuti mayiko ambiri omwe akutukuka ku South Africa ali panopo. Mayikowa sangathe kupereka mwayi kwa anthu okhalamo, kukhala ndi denga pamitu yawo, kulandira chithandizo chamankhwala nthawi yake, kupita ku maphunziro. Kufa m'mayiko otere kuchokera ku njala, miliri ndi kupha ndipamwamba kwambiri. Anthu okhala m'madera olemera komanso mayiko omwe akukhala nawo bwino amasangalala ndi zitukuko ndi kufunafuna ufulu wawo, pamene ena mwa anthu adakalibe mkhalidwe wovuta kwambiri wa mvula yamkuntho kapena kumpoto kwambiri.

Chinthu chapadera cha mayiko ambiri omwe akutukuka ndi chitukuko cha zokopa alendo monga ntchito yaikulu ya anthu ammudzi. Anthu oyendayenda ambiri amapereka chitsimikizo chokhala ndi moyo wabwino kwa anthu ambiri okhalamo. Lero palibe malo mdziko omwe sangathe kuyendera ndi munthu wodalirika. Choncho, tinganene mosapita m'mbali kuti ambiri omwe akutsalira pambuyo pa maulamuliro apadziko lonse pokhudzana ndi chuma cha dzikoli akuposa iwo omwe akupita nawo pachaka.