Shock absorbers - kodi kuti galimotoyo? Mfundo ntchito ndi makhalidwe a absorbers mantha

Mu pano zaka zambiri ndi galimoto aliyense akudziwa kuti ergonomics za makina makamaka anatsimikiza ndi absorbers mantha. Ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri pa kuyimitsidwa wa galimoto ano. Kodi akhoza kupikisana magalimoto msika opanga zosiyanasiyana absorbers mantha? Reviews ziziyenda kumlingo, kusonyeza zodabwitsazi. Ndipotu, chithunzi cha mpikisano uwu kwa ogula ndi chidwi kwambiri: American, German, makampani Japanese anamufunsa kuti mawu. Chifukwa, absorbers monotube mantha kulamulira ziwiri chitoliro.

Mwachidule pa masiku absorbers mantha msika

Pachaka Russian linapereka "Autocomponent chaka" kudziwa zopangidwa bwino kwambiri chilichonse gulu. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2016 ku mtundu Russian kutsogolera absorbers mantha anali "DEMFI", kupereka ndikuyankhula dampers otsika mapeto yakuti "Chitonthozo" abwino "umafunika" ndi "Drive". The kampani mankhwala - kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo absorbers mantha Vaz, IZH, Lada, Ford Focus2, Renault Logan . Today "DEMFI" - kampani yaing'ono (kuti ntchito zosakwana 60 anthu), koma zina zamakono ndi kudziwa-tima, luso kukuza kupanga anapatsidwa kufunika yoyenera.

"Plaza" tenepa tisatongerwa kuyamikira mantha absorbers UAZ "Hunter" ku kampani St. Petersburg. Zilipo Mabaibulo atatu: "muyeso", "Sport" ndi "kwambiri". Mwa yachilendo oyamba malo wachinayi anali kulamulidwa ndi mtundu Monroe (USA / Belgium), TRW (Germany), KYB (Japan) ndi EGT (Lithuania) motero.

Kodi kumvetsa zofufuzafufuza novice, ena absorbers bwino? Ndipotu opanga dziko kutsogolera kusonyeza kunadetsa chipangizo chitukuko cha kalasi lonse. Mwachitsanzo, Monroe lero abwera pa msika ndi zopangidwa yosiyanasiyana ya "reflex" absorbers mantha, "Sensa-njanji", "oridzhional", "Wongosangalatsa", "galimoto magnum." Tsopano kulamulira galimoto msika lero. Chizindikiro cha mbiri mkulu wa kampani Monroe ndi lonse la absorbers ake mantha, kulengedwanso mwachindunji pa mzere msonkhano wa magalimoto Ford, Nissan, Renault, Mitsubishi, Volvo, Porsche.

The German makampani magalimoto amagwiritsa zodabwitsa makamaka m'banja. Reviews ziziyenda bwanji kuti Opel, Mersedes, Audi wakhala kale anasangalala kupanga ZF Gulu (yomwe mwini zopangidwa Sachs, Boge, TRW). Mantha pachiyambi "Toyota", "Mitsubishi" - ndi malonda a kampani Japanese KYB (mtundu KAYABA). Komabe, mtundu uwu kwayamba kutchuka kwambiri mu Chipangano ndi Old World. Panopa, kunja zotsatirazi mndandanda A: Mafuta umafunika, gasi, mafuta, kupambana-G, gasi Mafuta-A-Basi, masewera Chotambala-SR, chosinthika AGX, kuchokera msewu Monomax.

Kodi zodabwitsa "Hyundai" (Korea kampani) amaika magalimoto ake pa mzere khamu? M'pake kuti ndi kampani ina Korea kubala zigawo magalimoto. Ndipo (makamaka Korea) kutsogoleredwa ndi Makampani onse banja. Likutchedwa Mlengi wa absorbers mantha pansi pa mtundu MANDO ndi Halla Group. zomera ntchito ku Korea, India, Turkey, China, Poland, USA. M'chaka, anapanga mamiliyoni ambiri dampers. Anaika pa conveyors awo MANDO-absorbers "Ford», Peugeot, Nissan, BMW, Suzuki, Renault, GAZ. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti absorbers mantha KIA (wina avtokorporatsii Korea) komanso akupezeka ndi makampani Halla Group.

mpikisano mtundu

Mpikisano pakati alimi ndi chidwi kuti zopangidwa kuchokera kunja bwinobwino amatsutsana ndi m'deralo. Makamaka, ena madalaivala amakonda magalimoto European Japanese. Choncho, maganizo a eni magalimoto panopa mkulu kufunika gazomaslyany mantha "Renault" chopangidwa ndi Kayaba.

Iye ankakonda zitsanzo zambiri zamakono za mtundu uwu, "Kengo", "Mega", "Magalimoto", "umafunika", "Master", "Clio", "Laguna", "Magnum", etc. mtengo wake ndi 30% .. kuposa ndalama chipangizo mafuta, koma ndi zambiri zosavuta pamene galimoto m'misewu akhakula. Choncho gazomaslyany mantha "Renault" madalaivala amakonda mafuta, mtengo.

Onani kuti "Reno" zitsanzo anaikira galimoto kwambiri m'njira wabwino, akuvutika ndi absorbers wapadera mantha - Kayaba Chotambala SR. Pambuyo kugonjetsa liwiro kasinthasintha Mzimuyo ndi kulemedwa kwambiri pa mankhwala amenewa, ndi onse psinjika ndi linagawidwa damping. Komabe, kwa tsiku ndi tsiku magalimoto m'mizinda, iwo sali mulingo woyenera, chifukwa chakuti chinthu chimodzimodzi mkulu ndi misewu ungwiro, monga mukudziwa, tiyenera lililonse limatisokoneza masika.

Komabe, m'nkhani ino sitidzaukitsidwa zochepa kuti mwachidule za msika mantha ndi. Cholinga chathu onse - kuwulula zinsinsi kuti ntchito yawo bwino. Monga ziri zodziwika bwino, absorbers mantha ndi kupereka mfundo za kuyimitsidwa, motero, kulingalira ndi kuyimitsidwa abwino. Monga mukudziwa, chinthu ichi zifuno awiri:

• Choyamba, kugwirizana mawilo galimoto thupi. Ndiyamika ake ngati zofunika samatha zonse zoyenda.
• Kachiwiri, neutralizes (zimatenga) ndi oscillations zikuchitika pa gulu.

Depreciation - ndi ...

Kupenda kwambiri ndi zinthu kuyimitsidwa zimaonekeratu kuti mantha absorber - ndi damper (Kuthetsa oscillations) chipangizo. Kumayambiriro kwa makampani magalimoto (XIX - oyambirira XX m'ma) anati mbali kulibeko. Imathamanga otsika, kuyimitsidwa wa magalimoto woyamba moyenera bwino ndekha akasupe. Komabe, mu m'badwo wamakono wa liwiro mu kuyimitsidwa wochitachita osati lili akasupe bwino (akasupe), amene tsopano zambiri amatchedwa ndi umboni pang'ono - mchitidwe zotanuka. Izi si kokwanira. Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tione mmene nkhani ya galimoto kugonjetsa tokhala pa msewu.

Ntchito ya membala zotanuka zoonekeratu - pa mphamvu ya magudumu a msewu unevenness ayenera azikhoma. Komabe, galimoto yamakono pamene galimoto ali wamkulu kayendedwe mphamvu, ndi "mpweya supernumerary" zimene maenje msewu zotanuka membala osati kupirira nthawi yomweyo. Choncho, inertia thupi amachititsa kasupe ndi pambuyo kugunda ndi kwanthawi. Izi zimakhudzanso oipa kwambiri. Pajatu kungachititse kuti kumveka, kungachititse ngozi galimoto (ndikuganiza sayansi mphamvu zamoyo zina). Izi zimachitika pamene fluctuation wa tokhala zonse masika anawonjezera kuti oscillation ake m'mbuyomu, zomwe, tsoka, si kuuzimitsa. Avtoinzhenery awapatsa anayankha kuti zodabwitsazi ndi kupeka wapadera damping chipangizo.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX ndi damper (mantha absorber) unakhazikitsidwa kuthetsa kunjenjemerako wa amafotokozera zotanuka. Ganizo ntchito yake wosavuta komanso yokongola. Pambuyo unevenness a mphamvu msewu psinjika masika kukula wotsatira ndi moyenera, ndi oscillation kuzimitsa chipangizo wapadera - ndi absorber mantha. Komabe, ife sidzasamalira monga gawo limodzi lomwe amateteza Phokoso, monga kwa khalidwe abwino a magalimoto pamsewu yekha damper ndi mchitidwe zotanuka sikokwanira.

Osati dampers yunifolomu

Tatchulazi kukhudzana dampers - ndi zinthu zapadera kusunga pazipita zotheka yopingasa ndi khola udindo wa kuyimitsidwa m'malere. Koma kwa kuyimitsidwa moona chopindulitsa sikokwanira. Kudzapeza chitonthozo cha okwera ndi dalaivala kuti galimoto si maenje ndi modekha chinayandama pamodzi njira, muyenera ntchito mgwirizano pakati absorbers mantha ndi zipangizo zina, monga:

• matayala mphira kubweretsa nsinga kwambiri nthanzi;
• osati wolema akasupe ndi kuyimitsidwa akasupe (kupatula ntchito kale ife) ayenera kukhalabe mwa specifications chilolezo ndi kusunga galimoto pa mlingo yemweyo;
• zinthu zina mphira (kumadalira ndi psinjika buffers), kuthetsa oscillations ku wokhudza mbali zitsulo ndi mzake;
• kutsogolera zipangizo, kupeza ngodya ankafunila wa kasinthasintha wa mawilo.

Komabe, mmene zinakhalira, waukulu damping chipangizo cha galimoto ndi ndendende absorbers mantha - phunziro la za nkhaniyi. Ndi thandizo lawo, mogwirizana kukhudzana okhazikika mawilo ndi msewu (makina amapita ngati Ufumuyo msewu), ndipo mfundo yake imatheka kwenikweni omasuka galimoto.

Kodi absorber mantha mu mawonekedwe a?

Kunja, izo zikuwoneka ngati chipangizo cylindrical kuti amamangiriridwa mbali imodzi chimango galimoto, pa zina - kwa kuyimitsidwa. Mkati pisitoni likupita kwa damper. ndodo iyi akusuntha mu M'mimbamo wodzazidwa ndi gasi, mafuta kapena madzimadzi ananyema. Chifukwa psinjika pisitoni mafuta amachepetsa liwiro lake. Kusinthasintha kuyimitsidwa damper pisitoni oscillations zotsimikizika. Kuyimitsidwa mwachangu kusuntha (umene uli panjira yovuta), kulimbikira kwambiri mantha absorber zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho. zodabwitsa zosiyanasiyana analandira pamene galimoto akuyendetsa galimoto pamsewu yovuta, komanso Phokoso pa braking kapena chiyambi cha gulu damped (anasintha) mantha absorber. The mphamvu kayendedwe a oscillation ndi n'kukhala kutentha, mafuta chifukwa pansi psinjika pisitoni. Kutentha chifukwa ndi ankakhala moyo wotayirira.

ndondomeko amortization

Kodi absorber mantha pamene gudumu nawo msewu Nakonso? Iwo wothinikizidwa, akuziika kugunda, pamene pisitoni ake akugwira ntchito konsati kuyimitsidwa akasupe. Komabe, chipangizo ichi sachiza mkombero malekezero, monga kutambasuka wake, mwachitsanzo. E. The pisitoni amayendapo wa absorber mantha. Popanda kasupe kuyimitsidwa kuti anam'ponya thupi la galimoto ndi mphamvu zimene mwamtundu pamodzi kuwombana Nakonso a. Komabe, kayendedwe ka galimoto mantha absorber pisitoni opaleshoni kutambasuka komanso imathetsa mafuta.

Kamangidwe ka absorbers mantha

Mwaukadaulo, chipangizo pa ntchito yake otembenuka Phokoso makina a mchitidwe zotanuka m'nthawi Yotenthayi. Kudabwitsa absorber m'malo, wotopa ntchito zipangizo zawo imayenera - ndi udindo. Ndipotu, kukhazikitsa "chinthu chatsopano" yomweyo anaona kusintha khalidwe la galimoto. Choncho, kwa dalaivala wodziwa otsutsa wolembedwa ntchito yakulipidwa lamanja mantha absorber. Ndipo kusankha, khulupirira Ine, pali zambiri. Avtorynok lolingana ano zimalimbikitsa mankhwala opanga lopambana (mtundu) osati. Tiyenera Kuphunzira za mfundo imeneyi ya kubwerera. Koma choyamba, kungakhale koyenera zimalepheretsa kwa "wina" mfundo ndi kuyesera, "amaona muzu", kapena kuti kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya absorbers mantha (A).

Tikayang'ana kusiyana structural, ndiye A lagawidwa one- ndi ziwiri chitoliro. Ngati m'magulu malinga ndi mtundu wa ntchito sing'anga dissipating kutentha opangidwa atatembenuka wa mphamvu kinematic, ndi absorbers mantha ndi mafuta, gasi, mafuta ndi gasi.

mankhwala ziwiri chitoliro

Kodi absorbers mantha akhoza akulimbikitsidwa banja ulesi, otchedwa galimoto? Zimakhalanso zotsika mtengo, zosavuta mamangidwe omwe sangaime muyeso. A iwiri chubu zambiri inert ndipo ndi misa lalikulu. Komanso, alumikizana awiri utakhazikika poipa. Mphamvu ya damping mabomba awiri-chitoliro zimadalira unsembe. Amadziwika kuti 100% akukwaniritsa ntchito yake damper wokwera ndendende perpendicular kwa kuyimitsidwa, koma pamene ngodya izi kuchuluka kwa 50 °, ndiye Mwachangu ake yafupika 68%.

Kapangidwe ka zinthu zimenezi ndi monga zikugwira ntchito botolo, mkati limene lili ndi pisitoni, ndi nyumba akunja, kwa kasungidwe mafuta owonjezera. M'kupita kwa mkombero ntchito ya pisitoni ndi akudutsa mafuta kudzera njira zawo, ndi amakankhira izo kupyola mu psinjika vavu babu ili pansi. Pamene kugula malonda ayenera kusamalira kwambiri mafuta zomwe si wiritsani pa kutentha m'munsimu 150 ° C. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale mtengo yabwino, sayenera anaika pa mbadwo atsopano a magalimoto.

monotube absorbers mantha

Izi zili maziko A. ano Chotero absorber mantha tichipeza babu limodzi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo wokhala mphamvu ntchito kwa pisitoni ndi nyumba. Kungakhale hayidiroliki (mafuta) kapena hydropneumatic (gazomaslyanoy). The kusinthidwa yamasika umatchedwanso monga pamodzi. Mfundo A ntchito za mafuta ndi wosavuta. Pali yamphamvu ntchito wodzazidwa ndi mafuta (madzimadzi hayidiroliki). Limayenda pa pisitoni ndi mavavu wapadera calibrated, yeniyeni ndi kachitidwe kawo ndi makhalidwe makamaka yokhudza makamaka kuyimitsidwa galimoto.

Mphamvu ntchito kuyimitsidwa ngati ali motere:

• Pamene mavavu amakhala otseka, madzimadzi hayidiroliki akudutsa yekha kulambalala pisitoni njira. Hayidiroliki mantha absorber khalidwe ndiye uyuma.
• Ngati kuli nthambi ali kutsegulidwa, pafupi ndi malipiro chipinda A, khalidwe lake hayidiroliki amakhala lililonse limatisokoneza.

Ndipo kwa Kutukula wa valavu mantha absorber, kugwira ntchito mu psinjika, ndidzadutsa zambiri madzimadzi hayidiroliki kuposa vavu cheke amene amayamba pa linagawidwa lapansi. Motero, pamene kuli nthambi zonse kutsegula damping pisitoni amachepetsa.

ophatikizana absorbers mantha

The hydropneumatic (gazomaslyanyh) m'malo dampers mpweya ntchito mpweya wothinikizidwa pa mavuto 4-20 atmospheres. ziziyenda lace njira zawo - ". mpweya overpressure" M'menemo mpweya kuthamanga - si akufunira, monga njira yochepetsera aeration (kuphatikiza mpweya ndi mafuta) ndi zina zotanuka kuyimitsidwa amafotokozera. Limodzi chitoliro Ndipo palibe m'munsi psinjika valavu. Pisitoni kwathunthu asaaonerera kukaniza onse psinjika ndi linagawidwa. Iwo akhoza akomere mafuta oposa awiri-chitoliro za kukula yomweyo, kutanthauza kuti ndi thandizo lawo, zabwino kukwaniritsa damping.

Anakwanitsa ndi dampers maginito

Tonga opanga absorbers mantha kuyesa ndithu pachiyambi kuthetsa vuto luso adjustability zipangizo zimenezi. American-Belgium kampani Monroe opangidwa pa mpanda wa yamphamvu ntchito umodzi-chitoliro A wapadera lamulo grooves ntchito kusintha kwa chete kapena yogwira galimoto. The Japanese kampani KYA pansi pa chitoliro ndi limodzi lakutali mosungiramo A, anyalanyaza ndi pisitoni wokwera osiyana vavu kulamulira. The kampani German ZF analenga controllable mantha absorber "Opel-Astra" ntchito kapangidwe awiri chubu gasi mafuta amapanga. Awiri mavavu solenoid pa pansi pa absorber mantha ndi pisitoni ndi Lamulo purosesa wapadera, kutsatira magawo mawilo chiwongolero, kuyimitsidwa.

Ngakhale zambiri akulonjeza latsopano, otchedwa maginito mantha "Chevrolet", pa chitsanzo chaka chatha Chevrolet Corvette. Izi ndi olowa patsogolo chitukuko automaker ndi mabungwe Delphi. Monga ntchito m'menemo m'malo mafuta magnetorheological madzimadzi angathe pafupipafupi mkulu (mpaka nthawi 1000 pa wachiwiri) kusintha kukhuthala ake muulamuliro wa munda mu atomu. Pamene mfundo imeneyi si ntchito, dongosolo vavu: damping ndi amapangidwa yekha likuvutika zotsatira magnetorheological. Izi zili zingamuthandize kwambiri: palibe kuwoloka stabilizers, chosavuta chipangizo cha A kuwoneka mbali chidwi m'mene polojekiti ikuyendera ndi kulamulira kuyimitsidwa stiffness.

Ubwino hayidiroliki mantha absorber makhalidwe mpumulo msewu

Mapangidwe a chisokonezocho ayenera kuganizira mbali zosiyanasiyana za ntchito yake. Ndipotu, msewu wotsika kwambiri umagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Kumbali imodzi, kubwereza mobwerezabwereza pang'ono sikulola A kuwongolera. Pachifukwa ichi, khalidwe lofewa mavitamini ndilofunika. Miphika yayikulu imayambitsa kupanikizidwa kwathunthu, komwe nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kusokonezeka. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, makina oyendera magetsi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chipangizochi ndi ofunikira.

Chifukwa chake sizikhala zomveka kufunsa kuti: "Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azidabwa kwambiri - zofewa kapena zovuta?" Pambuyo pake, zenizeni zowonjezereka ntchito A sizomwe zimakhala zofewa, koma komanso kulamulira.

Chinthu china - kutaya kwa kutentha kwa chododometsa - ndikofunikira kuti agwire ntchito yoyenera. Ndipotu, pansi pa zochitika za kutentha kwaubweya, zambiri zimamasulidwa, ndipo ziyenera kupatutsidwa. Komabe, m'nyengo yozizira mafuta amawotchera thickens, ndipo maonekedwe ake a hydraulic amakhala okhwima. Kotero kwa woyendetsa galimoto kusankha bwino kwa mafuta kumakhala kofunikira. Ndizosayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zakumwa zam'madzi ndi zakumwa zambiri, chifukwa zotsirizirazo zimakhala ndi zochepetsera mphira. Akatswiri ambiri amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a GRZH-12, AFT. Komabe, mu chisanu, madzi ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe a 75Wt ayenera kusankhidwa. Mafuta omwe ali ndi silicone, mamasukidwe akayendedwe amatsimikiziridwa m'magulu ena - cPs, omwe amakhala oposa 10 kuposa Wt.

Kusanthula kwa mantha omwe amawotcha

Chifukwa chakuti palibe chinthu chamuyaya, zotengekazo zimadodometsanso. Chodabwitsa ichi chiyenera kupezedwa ndi dalaivala m'kupita kwanthawi. Monga momwe akudziwira, kubwezeretsedwa kwa otayika otayika ayenera kuchitidwa mwamsanga kuti awone. Ndipo zogwira mtima kwambiri ndizovuta kuzisintha kwa A: pawiri pa mbali iliyonse - kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Ndikoyenera kuyembekezera mutatha kusinthana kwasintha kwakumangirira kwabwino koyendetsa bwino.

Komabe, izi zokha sizikwanira. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti zipangizo zonse zamagalimoto zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Ndiponsotu, ntchito yodabwitsa ya zothamanga zimatheka ndi zitsulo zothandizira zitsulo (zitsulo ndi zowonongeka), zitsime ndi akasupe osagwirizana. Kusungidwa kwa mbali zonsezi ndi njira zowonjezera zidzachepetsa katundu pa zotengeka.

Nthawi yoti mutenge

Kwa dalaivala pali zizindikiro zoyambirira zomwe zimasonyeza kuvala kozizira. Tiyeni tiwayitane:

• Kuwonjezereka mu kuphulika mtunda chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa kusamalira;
• Pewani mofulumira kuthamanga kokalowa mkati;
• Kuchepetsa kuthamanga kotetezeka kwa madzi (kumatira kumsewu, ngati pali madzi pamwamba pa ayezi);
• Kutulutsidwa A kuyamba kumveka ngati galimoto ikulowa kapena kuthana ndi kusagwirizana.

Pamene kutengeka kwachisokonezo kumatha

Autocorporations zamakono zimapanga bwino kwambiri A, zomwe zimabweretsa chitonthozo pa ulendowu. Komabe, ngati pamakilomita okwana 80 ndi makilomita zikwi zikwi zapitazo, msewu wosauka kwambiri ndi ming'alu imabweretsa kusokonekera kosadziwika kwa zipangizo zotchulidwa kale kwambiri.

Kusokonezeka kumachitika kawirikawiri mkati mwa chisokonezo pamene galimoto ikugunda pothole. Kuchokera kwa iwo kumayamba kutseka mafuta. Zimayambitsa kusokonezeka, ndipo mofewa amadzimangirira valavu mu chipinda chogwirira ntchito ikugwedezeka. Kuwonongeka kotereku kumatanthauza Kulephera ndipo kumafuna kubwezeretsedwa kosayenera. Chifukwa chake, oyendetsa galimoto amayesa chirichonse "chifukwa" ndi "motsutsa", kugula zinthu zochititsa mantha. Maphunziro a madalaivala pa nkhaniyi, atumizidwa muzitukuko zapadera, adziŵiranso.

Kuwaza A ikhoza kutinso fumbi ndi dothi lomwe limalowa mwa iwo. Mitundu yaying'ono, kugunda chipinda chogwirira ntchito, kusiya nyamayi pa ndodo. Chotsatira chake, bokosi losakaniza silikhalanso losindikizidwa, ndipo chifukwa chake, kuphulika kwa mafuta kumachitika. Ngakhalenso chubu imodzi yopanda ungwiro ndi A yomwe imakhala ndi chipinda chapadera. Kukonzekera kwabwino kumapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochulukirapo olemera ndi mafuta. Ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwambiri pa njira ya mafuta yomwe ikuyenda kuchokera ku chimbudzi chachikulu kupita ku chipinda chapakati, njira ya valve yosinthira kuuma kwa chisamaliro chododometsa chaikidwa. Pali kusintha kwa A, komwe kunja kwapakati kumaphatikiza ma tubes kuti mafuta ayende.

Kutsiliza

Wokonda galimoto wamakono lero ndi wosavuta kusankha osakanikirana bwino kwambiri pamoto wake. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mungagwiritse ntchito mazinthu awiri apadera komanso sitolo ya pa intaneti. Kuti mukhale ndi makasitomala, kusankha kosokonezeka kumene akufunikira kumafunika pa webusaiti ya sitolo ya intaneti ndi chitsanzo cha galimotoyo. Pambuyo pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosavuta, wogula amawona omwe amagulitsidwe ndi opangira zozizwitsa zimamukwanira. Ngati atakayikirabe chisankho pakati pa mitundu ina, ndiye kuti athandizidwa kupanga ndemanga zamakono ambiri a magalimoto pamapikisano apadera ndi mayeso osiyanasiyana.