Spanish mipeni: chithunzi ndi kufotokozera. Kitchen mipeni, kusaka ndi zokopa alendo

Tiyeni tione chimene chimapanga mipeni Spanish. Munaonapo Navajo? Onse nkhondowo lopinda mipeni ndi wotchuka kwambiri! chitsanzo ichi ndi mayi wa panopa mipeni mwatsatanetsatane. Tikumbukenso kuti dongosolo Spanish la mpeni nkhondowo imatengedwa m'munsi: zochokera zinalengedwa pafupifupi onse machesi pa masamba yochepa.

swordsmanship

Koposa zonse, luso kuchinga ku Ulaya anayamba m'mayiko Mediterranean. Mu Spain, umachititsa nawo akulu ndi ana omwe. Mu 1474, mbuye wa dziko lino - fencers Panza de A Perpignan ndi Pedro De Torres - lofalitsidwa woyamba ntchito mabuku, pofotokoza melee. Nthawi zambiri, sukulu Spanish zinakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe cha machitidwe kuchinga Europe.

Tikumbukenso kuti malonda zida Spain ndi wotchuka m'mbiri yake yaitali. Malupanga ndi zida za boma akhala wotchuka mu Europe. Pamodzi ndi chida yaitali bladed anali wotchuka chovala, amene anali aafupi tsamba - stilettos, Spanish mipeni, daggers.

Spanish kuchiyo mpeni (cuchillo) Mwachitsanzo - mankhwala yosavuta ndi kukulitsa unilateral. Mwa njira, kotero kuti zonse konsekonse chida ndi tsamba amodzi (kusaka, kuphika, shoemaking, etc.), kotero mawonekedwe ndi kukula kuchiyo zambiri zosiyanasiyana.

Dag, mosiyana kuchiyo, anaikira nkhondowo ndi kudziteteza. Iye anali Chigawenga katundu ndi olemera hilt ndi tsamba, kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 40. Kunja Dag ngati lupanga yaing'ono. Spanish kalembedwe kuchinga "Espada Y daga" wosiyana ena mu kuti mbuye akuwazenga mu dzanja limodzi atagwira Chigawenga mu zina - lupanga.

Spanish kumenyana mipeni

chidwi kwambiri Spanish nkhondowo mpeni Punya (punal). Bukuli lakonzedwa kuti kuponya ndipo kubaya. Ochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi mpeni Navajo. Iye anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa mipeni onse Spanish. Izi zili baba mipeni onse European yopindika, zida ndi loko a.

Choyamba Spanish yaitali kungomanga mpeni sanali amasiyana Europe achikale. Mu boma lotseguka anakakhalako adzakoka chokhethemulira yaitali, umene uli mbali ya shank lapansi. Kenako, mamangidwe wakhala tingachipeze powerenga kwa malezala molunjika, ndipo ena opanga lero. Koma tisaiwale kuti pang'onopang'ono m'malo mwa zipangizo otetezeka. Nthawi zambiri izi ometa malezala osati ntchito, komanso madokotala wochititsa opaleshoni awo.

Navajo

Dzina "Navajo" amachokera ku Latin dzina la lumo la - "novakula» (novacula). A wovuta pang'ono pambuyo adzakoka chokhethemulira yaitali kwambiri pa ambuye shank n'kuyamba tsamba masika, amene aikidwa pamwamba pa chogwirira cha mpeni. chipangizo chimenechi chikupezeka chochuluka magwiritsidwe antchito mankhwala: iwo akanakhoza kuchita zosiyanasiyana ntchito zapakhomo.

Mpeni kusamalira Navajo mu zosavuta mtundu uliwonse, opangidwa kuchokera ku gawo limodzi la nyanga ya nkhosa. mpeni wake m'lifupi ndi ziwiri kapena zitatu zala ndi kanjedza anali yaitali pepala mawonekedwe. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba za chinthu ichi otchulidwa zaka XIII-XV.

Navajo mpeni inasanduka kumenyana chida ndi tsamba amodzi mwa malamulo Spanish akuluakulu, amene anali kufalitsidwa m'zaka XIII. Iwo anali pa nthawi imeneyo mtundu wa mankhwala walandira kufalitsa linafalitsidwa kwambiri. Pambuyo pa mndandanda wa malamulo achifumu okha ufulu wa mitundu m'munsi: Iwo ankaletsedwanso ndi ozizira awo zitsulo ndi tsamba amodzi. M'zaka za m'ma XVI chiletso anawonjezera kuti abusa, alimi ndi osema. Komabe, malamulo otere pa mipeni lopinda osati ntchito.

mitundu ya masamba

Navahos kapangidwe tingachipeze powerenga wakhala kwathunthu amatsatira m'zaka za m'ma XVI. matawuni akuluakulu, kumene yopanga mipeni amenewa anaikira, anali Albacete, Valencia, Bonilla, Ciudad Real, Granada, Mora, Guarda, Santa Cruz de A Mudela, Toledo, Seville ndi Jaen. Palinso anali chopangidwa ndi Spanish mpeni kuti basi mfuti CETME L, amene anayamba kupanga mu 1981. Only pafupifupi 60,000 mankhwala awa akhala chopangidwa kwa Spanish Army. mpeni tsamba ali awiri tsamba asymmetrically anaikidwa, m'litali okwana ndi 335 mm.

Kodi mukudziwa kuti panali chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitundu Navahos? Popeza dzina "Navajo" - dzina gulu la mpeni kungomanga ndi tsamba amodzi kusintha ake mu zigawo zosiyana Spanish ankatchedwa mosiyana: "herramenenta" (dzino ndi nyanga), "moyosa" (munga), "pintxos" (Anatsogolera) "Corte" (tsamba), "Abanico" (fani), ndipo ena.

Mu Baibulo tingachipeze powerenga izi chitsanzo mpeni chogwirira anali anawerama ndi tapered mathero. m'mela monga pepala yopapatiza. Kuwonjezera mawonekedwe chakale, pali awiri zambiri mitundu ya masamba: amphamvu ndi yotakata pa malo chiyambi cha dzina "Albacete". mtundu wina wotchuka ankaona Bandolero.

Long tsamba pa nsonga ake zokuzira ndi concave kokha tsamba, amene kwambiri allocated "mimba." Mu mabuku pano, amene amasimba za mipeni, kapembedzedwe iyi akutchedwa "tsamba ndi mbuyo beveled" (m'Chingerezi Literature - kopanira mfundo).

akazi Spain

Spanish dona owonetsetsa kuteteza mphamvu ndi ulemu. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi nkhanza mwamuna nthawi zonse anawathandiza wofunika kugwirizana - yaing'ono yaikazi Navajo. Iwo ankatchedwa "Salwa Vigreux» (Salvavirgro - mtetezi ulemu). Kuyambira mipeni amuna zimaonetsa kukula yaing'ono (m'chigawo lotseguka m'litali anali wofanana 15-20 cm) ndipo akumaliza mwanaalirenji.

akazi Navajo ankavala pa chifuwa chake pansi diresi yake, kapena kuwonjezera garter pa mwendo. The njira masika wakhala wotchuka kwambiri. mankhwala udabisika pansi siketi yake. Koma ngati ziri zosiyana kwa mpendero wa mbuye wake adzauka pamwamba malire ena, manja a madona kunapezeka kuti Navajo, zomwe yomweyo ndikulakwa apaulendo.

Tikumbukenso kuti Spain sizachilendo mipeni m'nyumba: Inertial ndi tsamba mazunzo ejection, zosowa toyesa ndi chogwirira yopindika, Njoka tsamba, ndi ena. wamba ambiri ntchito mu mpesa ntchito Navajo ndi tsamba kachigawo.

mitundu Navahos

M'mabaibulo ena tsamba kutsukidwa Navahos apangidwe mu chogwirira yekha hafu m'litali. Kunja, monga mankhwala sasiyana kwa kanthawi tsamba yosavuta mpeni, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito yaing'ono. Koma mwamsanga pamene m'mela amatsegula, izo amawonjezera utali. M'zaka za m'ma XVIII, gulu ili inakulitsidwa mu m'chimake ndi / daggers Estaing analenga asilikali a France Charles d'Estaing.

Kotero, ife tinapeza, Navajo - waukulu mwa mipeni lopinda. Monga ulamuliro, kutalika mwachizolowezi wa nyemba mu mawonekedwe kukodzedwa anali wofanana ndi masentimita 45. Chifukwa chogwirira yokhota kumapeto Navahos womenya kuti nthawi zonse ntchito mfuti nsinga, omwe, pamodzi ndi kutalika chidwi ya chogwiririra ukuwonjezeka mu nthawi mtunda kumene kunali kotheka kwa n'chongoletsa mdani.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ena zitsanzo Navajo lotseguka malo anafika mita kutalika (kudziwika ngakhale zitsanzo ndi kutalika 185 cm). mankhwala amatchedwa "novahon" (navajon). Ndi novahona akhoza kutsutsa ndi mdani ndi zida yaitali kwambiri bladed mpeni. Ngati mmera ndi wamfupi kusiyana lupanga, sangathe izi kulipidwa ntchito wolimba chipewa kapena malaya, clamped pa dzanja lamanzere wankhondo.

Navajo - zedi chida

Choncho, Navajo ku mpeni foldable banja inasanduka zedi chovala moyandikana: mpeni wake nthawi zonse adzatsekeredwa ananamizira mu mawonekedwe kukodzedwa. Loko (loko) ya tsamba ali mawonekedwe a zitsulo Mzere - kasupe anali chopangidwa monga rocker lapansi. Iye Ufumuyo chogwirira ndi mbuyo pa.

Mu mawonekedwe lotseguka kwa lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi pa shank wa mmera anaikidwa mdzenje pa kasupe ndiponso kupewa mwangozi tsamba lopinda. Q chinthu cha kupanga m'mela kufufuzidwa ndi mayesero yosavuta. Njira yotchuka kwambiri kuonanso ubwino wa masamba ndi mayeso zotsatirazi: kuvala tebulo lina kapena ndalama zochepa mkuwa. Ngati, pambuyo kubaya tsamba anakhalabe sanamuvulaze ndipo si anapanga, ndipo ndalama anali adzalasidwa, izo ankaona kuti kumupima ali m'manja ndi amasokoneza wangwiro.

Nthawi zina mipeni Spanish anayesedwa ntchito chipika matabwa 5 cm wandiweyani. The mankhwala apamwamba, zinali kuti bowo kudutsa chikhomo choyamba.

kuipa Navahos

Tikumbukenso kuti Navahos ndi dongosolo mphete linali ndi zovuta zake: kunali koyenera kuti kuika kwambiri khama kuti kuchotsa okhwima detent kasupe - mpeni chofukizira. Anawaika mankhwala wakhala modzipereka kwambiri. Mu ambuye tsogolo amatsatira Inde, dongosolo yabwino. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa mphete wapadera yaing'ono ndalezo (Chibasiki retainer). Navahos logwirana chipangizo wakhala zinachitika mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri ndi odalirika mitundu maloko panopa kungomanga mipeni - "Castle pa mbuyo Tsamba» (kumbuyo logwirana).

Mmodzi wa yofanana kwambiri chidwi ndi enigmatic zododometsa mipeni izi ozizira zitsulo ndi ratchet. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyankhula za izo mu zaka za m'ma XVII, zikuoneka mu Seville. The shank wa tsamba lachitsanzo anali ndi mano angapo, nthawi zina ikuchitika mu mawonekedwe a zida. Pamene mwini analitsegula, nthawi zonse anapereka pa khalidwe phokoso la "krrrak," womwe unawonjezera dzina la mtundu wa Navajo.

Magwiridwe a shank ndi mpaka palibe amene akudziwa. Akatswiri ena amati mawu ndi chenjezo kwa mdani, mpeni ngati kuti: "Ine ndikutsutsa inu" Anthu ena amaganiza kuti chipangizo izi zimathandiza owerenga kuti akalandire tsamba mu mawonekedwe a theka-lotseguka. Komabe, mu zonse Navajo-Carrack, otsalafe, fixation odalirika tsamba anaonetsetsa kokha pamene ili bwinobwino lotseguka.

Timitengo ndi maonekedwe wokonda moyo wodzimana

Poyamba, chogwirira Navahos ambuye kuchokera lonse chidutswa nyanga: kwa chakale Navahos ali ndi mawonekedwe yokhota kumapeto. Patapita kanthawi, kapangidwe chogwirira cha mtundu mipeni anapeza mithunzi latsopano. Anaonekera mitundu paketi, zida ndi oyika zitsulo, omwe amanyamula ziyangoyango kulengedwa kuchokera matabwa olimba ndi fupa. Mapeto tapered ndi tapered nthawi finial kulengedwa kuchokera zitsulo, ndi m'modzi kapena awiri mikanda pa mapeto. Kuwonjezera pa amangomvera ndi pamapindikira wofatsa anapeza kwambiri kutchuka chitsanzo ndi kutchulidwa "kink", anaika pafupi mapeto. Iwo anali enieni pommel - ". Mchira a chinkhanira" masamba Small nthawi zina Kuzipeka ndi mikono molunjika.

anthu osauka amalola kuti Navajo wokonda moyo wodzimana wooneka ulemerero lokhalo lomwe ndi losavuta chokongoletsera, izikhala pa tsamba kapena khasu. Inakwaniritsidwa kuopseza zolemba ngati "Mwamsanga mpeni wanga chikugwirani inu, palibe dokotala sindingathe kukuthandizani inu", "Sevilla muyaya Ndikumbukireni ndipo mbuyanga," "amasiye Mlengi" ndi zina zotero tsamba.

Olemera Spain alolera eni toyesa zodula, zomwe zina mwa zitsanzo zosangalatsa zida luso. Childs, izi zinali zinthu zinalengedwa mwa dzanja: kuti iwo ntchito njovu, golide ndi siliva.

The kampani Arcos

Koma ife tafika ku kampani chidwi kwambiri! Spanish Arcos kampani limafotokoza mbiri yake kuyambira 1875: ndiye m'tauni yaing'ono ya Albacete mbuye anatsegula shopu yaing'ono, umene ukugwira ntchito yopanga lumo, mipeni mthumba ndi daggers. M'kupita kwa nthawi, anthu anasiya kugwiritsira ntchito daggers, koma ulemu machenjerero khitchini, wogulitsidwa mtundu Arcos, oyang'anira zophika akatswiri padziko lonse imawunikidwa yomweyo.

Today Arcos ndi kampani pamlingo European. Iwo ali angapo mafakitale m'chigawo cha Albacete okwana pafupifupi 30,000 mamita lalikulu. Ndi kupanga voliyumu kampani wachiwiri kukula amatenga Arcos! Mipeni a kampani ino mu Spain anatenga gawo la 60%.

kampani limapanga osati zitsanzo chilengedwe monga odziwika "ophika atatu", komanso wapadera - mipeni kwa nkhono, tchizi, nsomba kusuta nsomba, boning, mikate, ndiwo zamasamba, "Japanese mkulu mankhwala" ndi zida ngakhale konsekonse zokaphedwa.

The kampani Arcos mipeni umabala zokongola! Komanso, kampani limapereka mitundu yonse ya nkhwangwa ndi masamba nyama, nkhuku zosadzira mitengo ndi yaying'ono "masutikesi ayenerere" lomwe lili zonse muyenera kuti kuphika.

Mipeni olimba 'Muela "

Monga tanena, makampani manja bwino yapangidwa Spain. mikono yake ozizira ndi mfuti kusaka otchuka pa dziko lonse lapansi. Ambiri Spanish Makampani mipeni amakhazikika mu ulimi wa magazini, kokha cholinga kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ena mwa iwo ndi makampani kuti akonze mtengo mankhwala ambiri a anapanga dzanja, ndi Makampani amene amapanga ndi kupanga mtanda.

Waukulu kupanga mipeni Iwo ankakhala mu Toledo ndi Albacete. Monga ulamuliro, apa kulenga zitsulo ozizira chachikulu kwambiri, ndi lalikulu mabasi Timitengo ndi mamangidwe aukali, zachilendo kwa alenje Russian.

Ndi chifukwa chake akanali mipeni Spanish osati zinatchuka mu Russia, ngakhale masamba apamwamba zitsulo, kumanga kwambiri ndi zipangizo zozizwitsa nkhuni.

Tiyeni tione olimba apadera, "Muela" lomwe kalekale banja anali Muela. Inkakhala m'tauni Spanish wa Argamasilya de A Calatrava. Today mu kupanga ntchito za anthu makumi asanu ndi limodzi ukatswiri zosiyanasiyana.

Modern Muela mipeni ndi pakati pa wopambana mu dzikoli. kampaniyo ali kowonera zakale yake mipeni, zomwe zimasunga makope katundu wake onse. Komanso, ogwira ntchito za bungwe ili kubala mndandanda wapadera mipeni, omwe sali pansi kuzindikira: iwo zili ndi masamba lonse ndi awiri masamba yaitali. Cuttings timitengo chosema kuchokera njovu kapena ebone. Linapanga kapena limiters akutumikira kuponyera siliva, wopangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a mutu Boar, mphalapala kapena nyama zina. Choyimira cha khamu ali fanizo la mutu mbawala ndi "MM" lolembedwa ndi zilembo pakati pa nyanga zake.

Mipeni kwa kusaka mu Spanish kalembedwe - lalikulu ndi chachikulu, ndi oyima lalikulu ziwembu zosamvetsetseka. Iwo amatuluka mu magulu atatu - zitsanzo zisanu, ndi iriyonse ali ndi dzina. Koma alenje ochepa ntchito iwo: kukula, kulemera ndi mamangidwe si abwino. Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia sizikhudza mpeni kusaka ndi tsamba yaitali lupanga. Ndipo komabe aliyense mndandanda pali chitsanzo kuti onse magawo ake - misa, kapangidwe ndi kukula, angatchedwe kusaka.

mipeni zimene ena kusaka anapangidwa ambuye wa kampani zodabwitsa "Muela"? O, iwo zokolola kusaka mipeni kutalika 245, 250 ndi 260 mamilimita ndi masamba a kutalika masamba awiri 140, 155, 160, 170 ndi 180 mm. mankhwala zili ndi amangomvera, opangidwa kuchokera limodzi antler gwape. limiters kuponya dzanja anaika zithunzi za nguluwe mutu, galu, antelopes ndi mbawala yamphongo. Chigawenga, ndithudi, ndithu chachikulu: iwo kulemera kwa 0.5 kuti makilogalamu 0,75. mankhwala amenewa si wotchipa, choncho ndilambireni kukongoletsa kwa kusaka ofesi mwambo kapena kokasaka.

Nthawi zambiri banja kampani Muela banja kulenga masamba zodabwitsa kusaka kwa zaka zoposa makumi asanu. Kumene, mu assortment wa kampani simuli kusaka dongosolo lero. "Muela" kumathandiza banja ya m'manja zitsanzo, konsekonse zida pamadzi, mipeni mwanaalirenji m'nyumba, kukri, zida kuyenda, zipangizo kudula ndi zina zotero. Koma, ndithudi, zonse zakhala kampani forte mipeni kwa alenje.