The boma - ndi ... mizinda yambiri Moscow. Mutu wa boma la

Municipal Authority - wapadera wa andale. Iwo simuli boma akuluakulu, koma iwo apangidwa mosavuta kusamalira miyoyo ya nzika.

ndi boma Kodi

"Boma" - ichi ndi galamafoniyo mwachindunji kwa German Munizipalitaet, anapanga, nawonso, ku Latin ndi municipium - mzinda kuti ali ndi ufulu kudziletsa. Mawu amenewa okhazikika bwino chinenero cha Chirasha, kukhala zoti yachidule mbali zimene kuganizira ntchito ya makonsolo.

Lina pansi boma kaŵirikaŵiri kuwamva monga amazilamulira amenewa (monga City Hall). Mwalamulo chitsatiridwe yaitali Russia anapangidwa mu 2003 ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo "Pa mfundo za m'dera wodzilamulira." mfundo imeneyi zakhala anayambitsa monga "boma," "chigawo" ndipo "chigawo". Pamodzi ndi kutanthauzira boma akuti, Russia ali ndi kuwamasulira pa maiko oyandikana. Mu mizinda ina, akuluakulu oyang'anira tauni ndi mabungwe alamulo. Waukulu kupeza ndalama Makonsolo - misonkho, amene anayenda kwa anthu anatha mzinda kapena chigawocho. The boma akhoza kukhala mabizinezi yake, ndalama ndi katundu.

Mutu wa boma

kasamalidwe boma, monga mwa chilamulo Russian, amanyamula anapatsidwa boma ufulu wapadera. Iwo ali buku la mphamvu kuthetsa mavuto a tanthauzo m'deralo. Mutu wa boma la amasankhidwa ndi nzika ya chisankho kapena boma boma womuimira.

zochitika zawo mlandu kwa m'manja mwa nzika. Ntchito yake yaikulu - ulaliki wa mayunitsi ndi oyang'anira tauni molumikizana ndi maboma ena m'deralo, boma, anthu payekha ndi makampani. Komanso, ndi woyenera kuti siginecha ndi buku la Machitidwe malamulo amawatenga thupi woimira m'boma. Mutu wa boma mwina achotsedwe ndi bwalo ngati njira ya kumva unakhazikitsidwa kuti ntchito munthu si zogwirizana ndi mfundo yaikulu makhalidwe - pakalibe zosemphana ndi lamulo.

Kapangidwe wodzilamulira mu Moscow

Moscow - ndi mzinda wa tanthauzo feduro. dongosolo ndi wodzilamulira likulu Russian ndi Lamulo malamulo a boma. Mizinda yambiri Moscow - izo intercity maphunziro (County, midzi). Malire pakati pawo zakonzedwa kutenga nkhani mbiriyakale, miyambo ya m'deralo, mbali Hrs, komanso kulunjika umoyo ndi zachuma a m'madera.

The boma laganiza nkhani zina, koma zokambirana ayenera kutenga malo amaganizira zofuna za chuma m'tauni ndipo anthu onse a Moscow. Mwa njira, ntchito ngati mawu ofanana mchitidwe malamulo wa makonsolo likulu la mawu akuti "oyang'anira tauni" ndi "m'dera". Maguluwo wa distilikiti m'dera la Moscow zambiri kucheza ndi anthu a m'madera akuyang'anira ndipo pa maziko a misonkhano kupanga nkhani kasamalidwe panopa. Tsopano mu likulu pali oposa 140 mizinda yambiri.

Features wa Moscow mizinda yambiri

Mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zokhudza m'dera wodzilamulira mu likulu Russian - ndi kusunga miyambo, oletsedwa ogulitsira ritelo ndi ntchito pa malo a mzinda. Pa "mzinda" mfundo boma anadutsa m'madera atsopano linalanda kwa Moscow mu 2012 (ndi mizinda yambiri wakale wa dziko dera Moscow). Makamaka, mamembala a Makonsolo anapatsidwa ufulu wochita ulamuliro pa ntchito yokonza m'nyumba, mu mabwalo, kupereka chilolezo kwa yomanga mosungira. Ambiri mwa ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito yomanga maofesi, pokhala mgwirizano ndi ziwanga oyang'anira tauni.

Udindo wa atsogoleri ndi Ngopambana kusewera pothetsa nkhani zokhudza boma boma. Boma - kumakhalanso nkhani ya chitukuko ndale ya mzinda kapena chigawocho. Pa chisankho cha meya Moscow, umene unachitika mu 2013, panali ulamuliro kuti phungu ayenera imayendetsedwa ndi akuluakulu osachepera 110 kuchokera 110 mizinda yambiri matauni. Akatswiri ena ankaona kuti limagwirira uyu ali kulimira ndi khama pa malo meya, si bwino zenizeni Moscow.

Bajeti chifukwa mizinda yambiri

Mapangidwe bajeti ya Makonsolo ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi ndondomeko pa mlingo la feduro. Komabe, pali kusiyana. bajeti ya boma wapangidwa a zigawo ziwiri - mural zolowa ndi malisiti mndandanda. Ngati kuchepekedwa chikuyembekezeka, chizindikiro magwero a malipiro ake. Mu Russia, pali magulu atatu waukulu mizinda yambiri: midzi ndi m'maboma a m'tawuni.

Aliyense wa iwo - ndondomeko zawo, koma m'kati mapangidwe ake opareshoni subordination - m'dera kupempha mndandanda aliyense wa ndalama Pamudzi, ndiyeno mwachidule ndi bajeti yake, imagwiritsidwa Consolidated dongosolo la zachuma. Mizinda yambiri kulandira ndalama msonkho komanso zolipira, chuma boma, phindu amakampani, komanso kusintha zosadziwika.

revenues a mizinda yambiri

The ndalama ya ndalama m'dera ali chuma oyang'anira tauni. Ndiko kuti, iwo alibe boma kapena dera akuluakulu onse. Kuwonjezera magwero pamwamba ndalama kwa ndalama boma, utuluke ndalama chingakhale cha ang'onoang'ono, wapereka, ndipo utuluke ndalama akuwuka mu njira ya masikito. Mu revenues ambiri bajeti oyang'anira tauni ikhoza kupangidwa ku magulu atatu waukulu magwero. Choyamba, ndi, monga tanenera kale, misonkho malipiro (iwo zikugwira matupi woimira mizinda yambiri molingana ndi malamulo a lamulo la feduro). Kachiwiri, otchedwa ndalama zolimbana - misonkho boma, boma ndalama zina, kumene bajeti m'dera amalandira anthu ena chindapusa (nthawi zambiri UTII, makampani msonkho katundu, misonkho m'dziko). Kachitatu, pali otchedwa "sanali msonkho" malipiro zomwe zimapanga revenues mwini wa ndalama m'deralo.

nawo Public mu ntchito ya mizinda yambiri

ntchito mwaluso Makonsolo makamaka anatsimikiza ndi mlingo nawo za nzika izo. Iwo ayenera kudziwa zimene boma. Izi - chizindikiro cha chitukuko cha dziko. Anthu a mizinda ndi zigawo ayenera kukhala wochitachita mu njira zopangira zisankho mabungwe kuboma. Ngati satero, ndiye umayamba kuonjezera mavuto chikhalidwe, anthu akhoza kuyamba zionetsero yotsutsa ntchito ya makonsolo. Polankhula zofunika zokhudza chitukuko cha mizinda yambiri, monga akatswiri amakhulupirira, ayenera kutenga malo mu chimango mlandu anthu.

Zimene zimachitika pakati pa anthu ndi maulamuliro, mwa njira iyi adzalola, poyamba pa zonse, kupewa mikangano chidwi. Nthawi zambiri, pakutchulidwa mavuto polankhula maboma oyang'anira tauni ndi anthu ndi chifukwa khalidwe osauka mudziwe ntchito choyamba. Mbali yofunika mlandu ogwira pagulu - chisanadze mankhwala, kupempha nzika maganizo zavutoli akulankhula.

Mavuto mizinda yambiri

Boma la mphamvu tapatsidwa mwa chilamulo, ndi lowonjezera ndi osiyanasiyana zolinga, umene Makonsolo ayenera kutsatira. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo. Choyamba, ndi kukhazikitsa pa nthaka ya malamulo boma (mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya Russian pulezidenti malamulo). Chachiwiri, ndi kusintha yobereka ntchito oyang'anira tauni. Chachitatu, ndi kuwalimbikitsa kutukula madera zidapatsidwa kwa makonsolo (mwachitsanzo, ntchito chilengedwe, kuthandiza njira entrepreneurial). Aliyense siyana otchulidwa pali mukuchitika vuto. Mwachitsanzo, mu kusintha kwa chitsanzo chuma za boma akhoza kuthana ndi mavuto a ndalama bwino ndalama bajeti, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo - ntchito kubweretsa kwa nzika wamba mfundo mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi boma - makampani ndi amalonda. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti udindo waukulu wa boma la - ndi kuzindikira njira chikhalidwe kwambiri ndi kutukula miyoyo kwa nzika zonse.

zinachitikira yachilendo

Kodi ulamuliro oyang'anira tauni lina? Ponena Mwachitsanzo ku Finland wapafupi. Dziko Suomi boma - ndi bungwe yofunika kwambiri anthu wamba, mmodzi wa zimatiyika zitatu za boma (pamodzi ndi chapakati ndi dera). Unit waukulu wa makonsolo mu Finland - otchedwa communes. Iwo zimasiyana kwambiri mu kukula. Mwachitsanzo, Helsinki, kunyumba oposa 588 zikwi. Man, ndi yaing'ono Baltic islet sottunga ndi anthu okhala 120, mizinda yambiri ndi mwalamulo ofanana. Komanso, palibe kusiyana mu ufulu pakati pa mizinda yambiri ya m'midzi ndi m'mizinda.

Pakuti dziko amakhala ndi mwapang'onopang'ono wa merging mizinda yambiri: ngati Mwachitsanzo, mu 2001 panali 441, mu 2012 - mizinda yambiri 336 okha Finland ndi ogwirizana Association of boma la zigawo ndi m'munda, ulinso mu chitukuko cha dziko. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Finns palibe atsogoleri a mizinda yambiri: ntchito zawo zimagwiridwa ndi Ngopambana aganyo. Iwo akhoza kusunga malo ake, ngakhale zikuchokera m'deralo kusintha ulamuliro konsolo.