The categorical kuyesetsa - gulu lalikulu la chikhalidwe Kant ndi

Immanuel Kant - German katswiri wa za m'ma XVIII, amene ntchito zasinthiratu ndiye alipo chiphunzitso cha nzeru ndi malamulo, makhalidwe ndi aesthetics, komanso mu zoimira anthu. The mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso chakuti nthanthi koyenela - ndi categorical kuyesetsa.

Iwo anafotokoza mu ntchito yake lofunika nthanthi "wunika wa N'chifukwa". Kant amazitsutsa makhalidwe abwino, ozikidwa pa zinthu yothandiza ndi malamulo a chilengedwe, kufunafuna munthu bwino ndi zosangalatsa, achibadwidwe ndi maganizo osiyana. Chotero makhalidwe ankaona wabodza, chifukwa munthu amene mwangwiro katswiri ntchito iliyonse ndipo motero zimakulitsa, N'kuthekanso, ndi chiwerewere mwamtheradi.

Kant ndi categorical kuyesetsa (ku Latin «imperativus» -. Imperious) - ndi chifuniro amene afuna zabwino chifukwa cha zabwino osati chifukwa cha chinthu china, ndi cholinga palokha. Kant akulengeza kuti munthu ayenera kuchita kuti zochita zake kuti akhale ulamuliro wa anthu onse. Only mwamphamvu perceivable makhalidwe ntchito cikumbumtima cake zimapangitsa kuti azikhala ndi makhalidwe abwino. udindowu kumvera zofuna zonse kanthawi payekha ndi zinthu.

Categorical kuyesetsa isiyana ndi lamulo zachilengedwe si lakunja wamkati ndiponso kukakamizidwa "ufulu kudziletsa choletsa." Ngati ngongole kunja - ndi malamulo a boma ndi kugonjera malamulo a chilengedwe, ndiye kuti kufunika koyenela yekha "malamulo zoweta".

The kuyesetsa koyenela a Kant - ndi categorical, wotsimikizika ndi mtheradi. ntchito Moral kutsata mowirikiza, nthawi zonse ndipo kulikonse, kaya zochitika. Malamulo chifukwa Kant, sayenera lotengeka ndi cholinga kwina. Ngati Ethics wakale wanzeru zotsatira cholambira, mapindu amene adzabweretse, kapena kuchitako, Kant am'tchula kwathunthu kusiya chifukwa. Komano, nzeru zapamwamba amafuna njira okhwima maganizo ndiponso amakonda chiyanjanitso aliyense wa mitundu zabwino ndi zoipa, kapena wapakatikati pakati pa iwo, ngakhale mu chikhalidwe ngakhale zochita zake sangakhale duality, malire pakati pa ukoma ndi wachiwiri iyenera kukhala yomveka bwino, yeniyeni, khola. Makhalidwe mu Kant zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro la Mulungu, ndi kuyesetsa wake categorical mkati tanthauzo pafupi zolinga za chikhulupiriro: a dera limene makhalidwe ukulamulira moyo matupi, ndi yayikulu kwambiri mawu a chipembedzo, siteji ya chitukuko cha anthu. Kant inachenjeza abwino empirically zithunzi mawonekedwe. Mu mawunikidwe lake pa chikhalidwe, komanso za dongosolo la ndale, iye akufotokozera lingaliro la "mtendere wosatha", ozikidwa pa mosaganizira chuma nkhondo ndi kuletsa ake malamulo.

Georg Hegel, German katswiri wa za m'ma XIX, pansi kutsutsa aakulu wa kuyesetsa categorical, powona kufooka kwake ndi kuti ali mfundo mosatsata tanthauzo: ntchito n'kofunika kuti akwaniritse cha ntchito, ndiponso zimene ngongole imeneyi silidziŵika. Mu dongosolo Kant, ndi kosatheka kuti mwanjira mwachindunji ndi tanthauzo.