Chenicheni nzeru, ndi makhalidwe aika

M'badwo wa Choonadi ku Ulaya, anapanga zinthu zenizeni mbiri. Zinali ulamuliro wa ufumu mtheradi ku France mavuto, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa vuto la zachuma ndi boma komanso kumangika kwa clericalism (chikalata cha ku Nantes pa kulolera zipembedzo chinathetsedwa). Magwero a malingaliro atsopano kukhala ndi chithunzi sayansi yadziko, anapezerapo ndi Newton, komanso nzeru English chikhalidwe (Dzhon Lokk, nzeru za "Kulingalira") ndi French ufulu anzeru ndi olemba monga Per Beyl, Descartes ndi Montesquieu.

Chenicheni malingaliro woyamba wa zonse tinakonza patsogolo nthanthi funso ya vuto chitsutso pakati pa chikhulupiriro ndi chifukwa ndi kuika patsogolo ngati chimodzi mwa zolinga zofunika za anthu Kulambira Chifukwa ndi Patsogolo. Ngati English nzeru zapamwamba amene ali mawu akuti "lithandize" anali theorists khalidwe otchedwa nduna, pa French Chenicheni weniweni chikhalidwe kayendedwe, kapena "chipani" nzeru ena. Iwo amakonda ndale, ndi mwayi kugulu ndi achiyankhulo French bwino kwa amene aphunzirapo kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Mfundo yaikulu ya French Chenicheni anali kukhulupirira kuchuluka kwa mfundo anthu. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti malingaliro kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha anthu, ndi kuphunzitsa anthu, choyamba tiyenera kuphunzitsa anthu.

Chenicheni nzeru ndi zodabwitsa popanda izi, ndithudi, wanzeru kwambiri kwa woimira ake, Francois Voltaire. Komabe, sanalenge dongosolo lake la anthu, ndipo linkatchedwa womenya ndi tsankho ndi zikhulupiriro, ndicho chifukwa kulira wake wotchuka ndi ulamuliro wa clericalism wa Roma Katolika "udzaphwanya ndi nsikidzi!" Lizipezekabe zambiri. Voltaire anali deist maganizo awo, iye ankakhulupirira kuti kuli Mind m'chilengedwe chonse likutsimikizira chifukwa ndi cholinga chakupezeka. Iye anatsutsa zoti kulibe Mulungu, kukhulupirira kuti kukana Mulungu adzakhala anagunda makhalidwe zikuyenela maziko a anthu. Voltaire anayesa popularize ku France chiphunzitso cha malamulo Newton ya chilengedwe, komanso anatsutsa chiphunzitso cha "maganizo titadziwa" wa Descartes ndi solipsism Berkeley. Mchiphunzitso cha chidziwitso Voltaire anadalira Locke ndi Francis Bacon: kudziwa zimene zimachitikadi, koma pali chidziwitso mtheradi, monga masamu, makhalidwe abwino, ndi lingaliro la Mulungu. M'munda wa maganizo, nzeru zapamwamba nawo yapamwamba nthawi kuti chiphunzitso chakuti munthu ali limagwirira wololera popanda moyo, koma ndi chibadwa ndi nzeru.

The chachiwiri ulamuliro wonse, umene analenga nzeru za Choonadi, ndi mdani wa Voltaire, ndi Jean-Zhak Russo. Yotchuka kwambiri ntchito zake ngati "M'mbuyo pa Origin of lochitira anthu", "The Social mgwilizano" ndi "New Heloise." Rousseau ankakhulupirira kuti waukulu galimoto mphamvu mwa munthu si nzeru, ndi mphamvu, achibadwidwe monga chikumbumtima ndi mwapang'ono. Rousseau kudzudzulidwa sayansi ndi chi mafakitale kutsimikizila kuti kusiyanitsa munthu ku chikhalidwe, kumupanga iye zofuna yokumba ndi zosakwanira anthu Chrixitu. Ntchito nzeru - kugwirizanitsa kusiyana izi ndi kukhala wosangalala. Mu mbiri ya Rousseau anali ndi lingaliro la "zaka golide", kuba katundu payekha. Zapitazo, ndithudi, kale, simungathe kubwerera, koma mungathe osachepera pang'ono kukonza zinthu ndi kulowa mgwirizano chikhalidwe ndi kupanga gulu la eni masitolo amamangitsa ofanana yaing'ono, kuthetsa mavuto onse kudzera zpani zambiri. Rousseau analinso theorist a "kulera chachibadwidwe" mu chilolo zachilengedwe, popanda chimango kutipanikiza ndi zipembedzo Pamilunguyo malingaliro a chondichitikira.

Chenicheni nzeru komanso anapereka Way French materialists - La Mettrie, Helvetius, Holbach, Diderot. Holbach mu "System ya Nature" yafupika zochitika zonse za ku lamulo la particles zakuthupi ndi kanthu Lamettrie imakhudza ndi magalimoto komanso ndi maganizo, kusonyeza pamaso pa automatism zamaganizo ( "munthu - makina"). Iwo amapereka lingaliro la chitukuko anthu ku zochita kupanga, "ufumu" mwa masamba ndi nyama. Mmodzi wa zizindikilo za chuma French a nyengo ndi Determinism ake: chirichonse umamumvera malamulo chilengedwe, Palibe, palibe cholinga ndi chifukwa yekha ndi zotsatira. Cognition, maganizo awo, zochokera zinachitikira, adziwonetsa ganizo, cholinga chake ndi kusintha kwa munthu. Koma mmene waukulu kudziwa ndi zomverera kuti ife "kulembetsa" m'dzikoli. Komabe, mwachitsanzo, Diderot, mosiyana La Mettrie, ankakhulupirira kuti munthu ngati dongosolo akufanana, kani, osati galimoto, ndi piano, chifukwa amagwiritsa dongosolo la zizindikiro, ndi chilankhulo (ndi zizindikiro zizigwirizana makiyi pa limba a). Nzeru za anthu ambiri materialists wa maganizo a zomveka chodzikonda, amene angagwirizane pa zinthu wamba ndi kubwera kwa chidwi aliyense ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Popeza pafupifupi onse nzeru zapamwamba yemwe anapereka dziko nzeru za Choonadi, kugwirizana pakati pawo kuti lolingalira ndi maganizo oyenera kupanga yoyenera kuti chikhalidwe, iwo analenga ntchito "Encyclopedia", ndi ideologue yaikulu ndiponso woyendetsa amene anali Diderot. Iye anali wokhoza kuti asonkhanitse zonse za Choonadi, monga materialists ndi, deists ndi kuti iwo alemba nkhani za zinthu zofunika zonse sayansi zachilengedwe ndi anthu, maganizo mwapang'onopang'ono pamodzi ndi Kutsutsa ndi lothandiza anapereka chithunzi cha maganizo a anthu ambiri. Ntchito imeneyi inayamba ndi khama, koma ndiye gulu anachoka ku ntchitoyo chifukwa cha khalidwe chuma ndi mkati. Ndekha, Diderot kutha ntchito mpaka mapeto ndiponso kufalitsa mabuku onse 52 a "Encyclopedia", mwachidule chirichonse chimene sayansi wafika zaka XVII-XVIII.