Pulayimale unit wa kusanduka - ndichiyani? Khama la za chiyambidwe unit wa kusanduka

Masiku ano, ambiri, ndi bwino mfundo kusanduka ngati njira ya chitukuko mosalekeza wa moyo pa dziko. Aliyense amakhulupirira kuti zinthu - njira kusinthasintha ndi masiyanidwe a mitundu yonse zamoyo chimene iwo anapitiriza. Pali kutsutsana kwambiri za ziphunzitso za chiyambi cha moyo pa dziko, za kumene onse anayamba. Koma mfundo ndi wamba, zonse ankaphunzitsa ku sukulu. Pankhaniyi, kodi unit yaikulu ya kusanduka - payekha, gulu la zamoyo, mitundu, - Kudziwa ndi kumvetsetsa osati onse.

chiphunzitso chitukuko

Pa mawu akuti "chisinthiko" ife pomwepo ndikuganiza a Charles Darwin (1809-1882). Koma kale lingaliro la mwapang'onopang'ono moyo ndi chinthu choterocho monga maziko unit wa kusanduka, anaonekera mu nzeru zaumunthu lingaliro. Koma anali Charles Darwin uli kumayambiriro kwa asayansi ... palibe lingaliro la chisinthiko ndi mphamvu zimene zingakuthandizeni kusintha kwakukulu ndi zina yokulirapo mu zamoyo kuti kutha ndi mapangidwe zamoyo zina. Species monga gulu zamoyo zamoyo, ofanana pa makhalidwe lonse zovuta angathe momasuka ankawoloka zikamera wa ana ubereki. Choncho, nkhani nkhani ya m'nkhaniyi - tanthauzo la unit zazing'ono, zomwe angathe kukhala nthawi yaitali ndipo Mkhalidwe kusintha, chifukwa mu maonekedwe a chinthu chatsopano ndi chosiyana mitundu makolo.

pamaso Darwin

The mawonedwe pa chitukuko cha dziko organic, omwe analipo kale kubwera kwa chiphunzitso cha magwero a mitundu ya Darwin, wotchedwa chisanadze zokha. Popanda kupita zikusowa kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha, chiphunzitso ofala anali zamulungu (zonse kwa Mulungu) ndi zamulungu-chilengedwe (zamoyo kulimbikira, kachiwiri kwa Mulungu). maganizidwe amenewa ndi unit yaikulu ya kusanduka amati ndi chitsanzo payekha. Mwachitsanzo, Zhan Batist Lamark (1744-1829) anafotokoza yatsoka yaitali khosi akadyamsonga adzafune kukwaniritsa ndi nthambi kumtunda kwa ana kufala chiyembekezo.

Darwin zisinthe

Anamvetsa Charles Darwin kuti ntchito zake "The Origin of Species" zonse zosiyanasiyana zosaneneka za zamoyo padziko lapansili anafotokozera chifukwa cha kulimbana kukhalapo, kusankha zamoyo. A chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi anali chigonjetso cha amphamvu ndi Zamphamvu. Darwin ananenetsa kuti unit zofunika kusanduka ili ndi gulu la anthu, osati anthu osakwatira kapena osakwatiwa. Natural kusankha Kenako ntchito monga pansi kuchuluka kugwa wake aliyense payekha limodzi ndi gulu awo achilengedwe. gulu limenelo, malinga ndi Darwin, zizindikiro ukapitirize lero zosafunika, koma mawa akhala ndi ofunika kwambiri pa kusinthasintha kwa zinthu ndi zikhalidwe zikusintha wa moyo. Darwin ndi gulu la mitundu monga unit zofunika kwa chirengedwe.

Darwin kuphatikiza chibadwa

Kuti sanathe anafotokoza Charlz Darvin mu "Origin ..." ndi mmene kusintha mwachisawawa ali anasamutsidwa ndi anakonza ana a. Ndipotu, mbali yapadera adzakhala linasokoneza m'kupita kwa m'mibadwo yosiyanasiyana. Ndipo pa nthawi iyi pali sayansi ya chibadwa ndi malamulo ake a cholowa ndi recessive ndi lalikulu alleles, anasonkhanitsa gulu la zamoyo. Malamulo atatu a generality wa hybrids m'badwo woyamba wa Mendel, pawiri helix cha uthengawu ku maselo a DNA Watson ndipo Crick, maselo zamoyo ndi dongosolo jini, chitukuko cha embryology ndi cytology, ethology, paleontology, sayansi ndi zachilengedwe -. Ndipo kuwala wabadwa chiphunzitso kupanga kusinthasintha kwa zinthu, kawirikawiri malo ano maphunziro.

Symbiosis Darwin ndi zamakono

Kupanga zasokoneza unakhazikitsidwa mu m'ma makumi awiri. Kusamutsa zopereka akatswiri onse zamoyo zinachita kuti mapangidwe ake sikokwanira masamba atatu. Dziwani akatswiri S. S. Chetverikova (1880-1959), FG Dobrozhanskogo (1900-1975) ndipo I. I. Shmalgauzena (1884-1963). The zopanda chachikulu cha chiphunzitso - unit zofunika kusanduka ili anthu monga gulu osiyana mitundu wina okhala m'dera womwewo ndi njira ina olekanitsidwa anthu ena a mitundu. Kuti kudzipatula a anthu (zachilengedwe, dera limene akukhala, kubalana) kumabweretsa mapangidwe a mtundu watsopano. Kufotokoza zimagwirira wa speciation amatsogolera chiphunzitso kupanga a kusanduka ndi makonzedwe ena, limafotokoza chifukwa anthu amaona unit zofunika kwa chirengedwe.

The chakudya yaikulu ya chiphunzitso kupanga a kusanduka

Deta zokambidwa, sakhudzidwa ndi mfundo wathunthu ndi wamphumphu pa chakudya cha chiphunzitso zamakono postulates tikambirana nkhani za anthu amene - unit zofunika kwa chirengedwe.

Russian wasayansi ndi zachibadwa N. V. Timofeev-Resovsky (1900-1981) anakonza chakudya zoyambirira za STE pulayimale mayunitsi, zochitika ndi zinthu zamoyo zinangokhalako zokha kwachilengedwenso.

• Pulayimale unit wa kusanduka - ndi anthu.
• The chodabwitsa cha chisinthiko kanthu - chingasinthe dziwe jini (a wamba ya chibadwa cha anthu onse) anthu.
• Dziwe jini alionse - zakuthupi cholowa cha kusanduka.
• Evolution zinthu - mutational njira kutchinjiriza mafunde anthu (nambala ya oscillations) ndi kusankha.

chifukwa anthu

anthu okha monga gulu la anthu a mtundu ndi gulu limodzi amene akhoza kukhalapo mpaka kalekale monga kukhulupirika ku nthawi ndi malo. Ndipo kokha n'kotheka anthu umenewu wa interbreeding anthu nthawi zonse kuposa Mwina kudutsa anthu ochokera anthu osiyana. anthu Only likukwaniritsa zofunikira za mchitidwe wa chisinthiko, choncho iye ndi maziko unit wa kusanduka. Only mu gulu ili ndi zosiyana genotypes mu anthu amasankhidwa ndi makhalidwe phenotypic. Only chonchi dongosolo chatsekedwa kungakhale phenotypically kupeza bwino kwa zinthu opatsidwa kuli zizindikiro genotype ya gulu lonse, mu dziwe jini ya anthu. Ndipo iwo kudziunjikira mu dziwe jini, kusintha genotypes munthu wa anthu, zikubweretsa phenotypic kusiyana (kunja).

Bwanji view - unit yaikulu ya kusintha?

Views akhoza angaonere dongosolo wathunthu chatsekedwa, pali nthawi yaitali. Koma aliyense mitundu, okhala malo ena, ndi anagawira omangidwa pa gawo. Ndipo mbali iliyonse ya izo - ichi ndi anthu amene akanakhoza theoretically kungadzutse ndondomeko speciation. Ndipo sangapereke. Ena mitundu, monga kuderako, zambiri zimakhala gawo m'malo zochepa ndipo akuimira chiwerengero (kozizira chimbalangondo kumalo ozizira kapena chisindikizo Baikal). Ndipo pali mitundu monga wamba magpie ankaimira mazana a anthu m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko.

Chifukwa kulekanitsa munthu pulayimale unit wa kusintha?

Mchitidwe wa chisinthiko kumafuna chitukuko ndi zikamera wa zatsopano ndi katundu wa chamoyo, chifukwa mu olimba wake wamkulu. Ndiyeno unyolo wa mibadwo chofunika - mbiri zamoyo zinachita ndi zamoyo zinachita tsogolo. Thupi kulibe kwa utali uliwonse nthawi pa moyo kukhala ndi kulimbikitsa chizindikiro. Choncho, ng'ombe kapena nkhosa sangakhale unit zofunika - gulu ndi akutali ndipo palibe zokwanira, monga ulamuliro, osati kale kwambiri akuti pa nkhani ya chiwerengero cha mibadwo. Tikumbukenso kuti mawu amenewa si kwathunthu oyenera prokaryotes (sanali nyukiliya) monga chabe kugunda mkulu wa kubalana.