Mankhwala: khalidwe mankhwala ndi thupi katundu

Mu chikhalidwe chlorine zimapezeka boma gaseous ndi kokha mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala ndi mpweya wina. Mu zikhalidwe pafupi mwakale, ndi poizoni mpweya zikuwononga Kamaoneka mtundu. Mawuwa kulemera kuposa mlengalenga. Iwo ali fungo. chlorine molekyulu limapangidwa maatomu awiri. M'chigawo quiescent Kodi kupsereza koma pa kutentha amachita ndi wa hydrogen, kenako chiopsezo kuphulika. Chifukwa, gasi adzamasulidwa phosgene. poizoni kwambiri. Motero, ngakhale pa woipa otsika mu mlengalenga (0.001 mg wa pa 1 DM ³⁾ angachititse imfa. Khalidwe waukulu limati nonmetal chlorine kuti yolemera kuposa mpweya choncho nthawi zonse adzakhala pafupi pansi mu mawonekedwe a yobiriwira Chifunga.

mabuku a mbiri yakale

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mchitidwe nkhaniyi chinapezeka mu 1774 K. Shelee g. Ndi kaphatikizidwe acid amathiridwa ndi pyrolusite. Koma ndi 1810 P. Davy anatha zimaonetsa ndi chlorine ndi kukhazikitsa kuti ndi osiyana mankhwala amafotokozera.

Dziwani kuti 1772, Dzhozef Pristli anakhoza kupeza mankhwala enaake a hydrogen - chlorine pawiri ndi wa hydrogen Komabe, nadzawasankhula zinthu izi awiri a sayansi ya sakanakhoza.

Chemical mapangidwe a chlorine

Chloro - mankhwala mchitidwe pakati gulu VII ya zodziwitsa gulu tebulo. Izo kusungidwa mu nthawi yachitatu, ndipo ali ndi atomiki nambala 17 (17 mapulotoni mu phata la). The zotakasika nonmetal. Amaimira makalata CL.

Ndi nthumwi ankaikira halogens. gasi izi, popanda mtundu, koma ali lakuthwa, fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala. Kawirikawiri poizoni. halogens zonse bwino sitimadzipereka mu madzi. Pa kukhudzana ndi mpweya lonyowa anayamba kusuta.

Lakunja elekitironi kasinthidwe 3s2Zr5 CL atomu. Choncho, mu mankhwala a mankhwala mchitidwe zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho milingo makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6 ndi +7. The covalent utali wozungulira atomu 0,96Å, amaayoni utali wozungulira Cl- 1,83 ndi, atomu elekitironi kuyandikana kwa 3,65 EV, 12,87 EV mlingo ionization.

Monga taonera, chlorine ndi nonmetal mwachilungamo yogwira kuti amalola chilengedwe cha mankhwala ndi pafupifupi zitsulo onse (zina pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kapena chinyezi chimakankhira bromo) ndi nonmetals. Mu mawonekedwe a ufa umakaphatikizana yekha ndi zitsulo pa kutentha.

The pazipita kuyaka kutentha - 2250 ° C. Popeza mpweya amatha kupanga oxides, hypochlorites, chlorites ndi chlorates. mankhwala onse okhala mpweya, ndi zachiwawa mu mogwirizana ndi zinthu oxidizable. Tikumbukenso kuti oxides chlorine akhoza amangosankha amaphulika pamene chlorates amaphulika yekha atadziŵa initiators iliyonse.

Khalidwe la chlorine mu malo dongosolo zodziwitsa:

• mankhwala yosavuta;
• chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri gulu mchitidwe tebulo nthawi;
• wachitatu mawu a Mzere wachitatu;
• Gulu chiwiri waukulu gulu;
• atomiki nambala 17;
• amatanthauza CL chizindikiro;
• zotakasika nonmetal;
• Kodi ndi halogen gulu;
• zinthu pafupi mwakale, ndi chakupha mpweya mtundu yobiriwira ndi fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala;
• ndi chlorine atomu molekyulu ali 2 (chilinganizo CL _2).

The katundu thupi la chlorine ndi:

• kuwira mfundo: -34,04 ° C;
• limatsogolera mfundo: -101,5 ° C;
• kachulukidwe ndi boma gaseous - 3, 214 g / L;
• osalimba a chlorine madzi (kuwira nthawi) - 1,537 g / masentimita ^3;
• osalimba a chlorine olimba - 1,9 g / masentimita ^3;
• buku yeniyeni - 1,745 x 10 ^-3 L / g.

Mankhwala: kusintha khalidwe kutentha

M'chigawo gaseous amatha mosavuta liquefied. Pa mavuto 8 atmospheres ndi kutentha 20 ° C zikuoneka ngati madzi enaake achikasu. Iwo ali katundu kwambiri zikuwononga. Monga mmene Zochita izi amafotokozera mankhwala akhoza kukhala boma madzi mpaka kutentha yovuta (143 ° C), anapereka kuwonjezeka kuthamanga.

Ngati utakhazikika ndi kutentha kwa -32 ° C, chingasinthe ake boma thupi ndi madzi kaya kuthamanga mumlengalenga. Pa zina kutsitsa kutentha kwa crystallization amapezeka (yemwe amalimbikitsa -101 ° C).

Chlorine mu chikhalidwe

The chlorine lapansi kutumphuka lili% 0,017 okha. Zambiri ndi mu mpweya chiphala. Monga tanena kale, nkhani ali ndi ntchito kwambiri mankhwala, kotero kuti mwachibadwa amapezeka ndi zinthu zina mankhwala. Mmene kuchuluka kwa mchere muli chlorine. khalidwe mchitidwe amalola mapangidwe za zana mchere osiyana. Childs, zitsulo izi chlorides.

Komanso, wambirimbiri ndi mu nyanja - pafupifupi 2%. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti chlorides zikukangalika kupasuka ndi kufalitsa mothandizidwa ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja. The ndondomeko iwowo. Mankhwala kutsukidwa ku gombe, ndiyeno mphepo akumutenga iye kupyolera oyandikana nawo. N'chifukwa chake anthu ambiri apamwamba anati m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. M'madera louma la dziko patsogolo pathu mpweya aumbike mwa evaporation wa madzi, umene ndi saline kuonekera. Pachaka dziko lapansi chichita tonnes pafupifupi 100 miliyoni wa thunthu. Komabe, n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa pali zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili ndi chlorine. Khalidwe la Paulo, kwakukulukulu zimatengera ndendende pa malo m'mayiko ambiri.

Njira yopangira chlorine

Masiku ano pali njira zingapo yopangira chlorine, ambiri a omwe zotsatirazi:

1. zakulera. Ndi chophweka ndi zosawonongetsa ndalama zambiri. The brine mu zakulera electrolysis akulowa anode danga. Komanso, pa cathode zitsulo mauna amalowa kabowo lapansi. Lili pang'ono ulusi polymeric. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa chipangizo izi yopatsirana. Iwo imatsogoleredwa kuchokera anode chipinda kwa cathode, ndi kulola osiyana kulandira ndi chloro liquors.

2. Kakhungu. Kwambiri mphamvu imayenera koma gulu slozhnoosuschestvim. Ofanana chifundamtima. kusiyana ndi kuti anode ndi danga cathode ali kwathunthu ndi Kakhungu. Choncho, zotsatira linanena bungwe m'mitsinje ziwiri zosiyana.

Tikumbukenso kuti mapangidwe a mankhwala a. mchitidwe (chlorine) akamagwira njira awa adzakhala osiyana. More "woyera" imatengedwa kuti ndi njira Kakhungu.

3. The njira ya mankhwala enaake ndi cathode madzi. Poyerekeza ndi umisiri zina, njirayi amalola kulandira chlorine choyera kwambiri.

Chojambula chithunzi cha unsembe ndizo selo ndi mpope inakula ndi decomposer mapaziwo apangidwa. Monga cathode ndi amawapopa ndi mpope Mercury mchere njira ndi anode - mpweya kapena maelekitirodi graphite. Mfundo unsembe chiri motere: electrolyte ndi kumasulidwa ku chlorine kuti akatulutsidwa selo ndi anolyte. Ku chodetsa yamasika chikutha ndi zatsalira chlorine donasyschayut halite ndipo kachiwiri anabwerera ku electrolysis lapansi.

Zimafunika Safety ndi kupanga opanda pake zinachititsa kuti m'malo a madzi olimba cathode.

Ntchito chlorine mu ntchito mafakitale

chlorine yogwira katundu kulola ntchito makampani. Ndi chinthu mankhwala kulandira mankhwala osiyana organochlorine (vinilu enaake, chloro-labala, etc.), Mankhwala, disinfectants. Koma kagawo kakang'ono lalikulu amatanganidwa makampani ndi kupanga acid amathiridwa ndi laimu.

Ankagwiritsa ntchito njira kuyeretsa madzi akumwa. Chibwenzi, kuyesera kuti lichoke ku njira iyi, n'kubweretsa ozonation, chifukwa ife tiganizire chinthu ali kungasokoneze thupi, madzi komanso chlorinated wawononga mapaipi. Iwo amayamba ndi chakuti mu ufulu boma CL zimawononga mphamvu pa mipope anapangidwa kuchokera polyolefins. Komabe, m'mayiko ambiri kupereka mmalo njira chlorination.

Komanso, chlorine ntchito zitsulo. Atatero, nambala ya zitsulo osowa (niobium, tantalum, titaniyamu). Makampani mankhwala a mwakhama ntchito mankhwala osiyana organochlorine kwa kulimbana namsongole ndi ntchito zina zaulimi, ndipo amafotokozera ntchito monga oyeretsa a.

Chifukwa mankhwala akuphatikizapo chloro wawononga kwambiri organic ndi zochita kupanga utoto. Izi zimatheka kupyolera oyeretsa mokwanira. chifukwa zimenezi zimatheka ngati pamaso pa madzi, chifukwa oyeretsa zimachitika chifukwa mpweya atomiki, amene anapanga pambuyo oipa a chlorine: cl ₂ + H ₂ O → HCl + HClO → 2HCl + O. njira iyi wapeza ntchito zaka zingapo zapitazo ndipo ali otchuka ndi lero.

A ntchito wotchuka wa mankhwala kwa tizirombo organochlorine. mankhwala amenewa ulimi kupha zamoyo zoipa, kusiya zomera wawo. A mbali yaikulu ya chlorine okwana opangidwa mu dziko amapita ku ntchito ulimi.

Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu kupanga labala ndi pulasitiki mankhwala. Ndi thandizo lawo, anapanga waya kutchinjiriza, malo, hardware, banja zipangizo chipolopolo, ndi zina zotero. D. Pali maganizo kuti rubbers analandira mwa njira imeneyi, kuvulaza anthu, koma anatsimikizira mwa sayansi.

Tikumbukenso kuti chlorine (khalidwe kanthu anali anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kale) ndi ena ofanana monga mpiru mafuta ndi phosgene, ntchito mafomu a asilikali chifukwa wothandizila nkhondo mankhwala.

Mankhwala monga nthumwi yowala omwe sanali zitsulo

Nonmetals - losavuta zinthu, monga mpweya ndi madzi. Nthawi zambiri, iwo akuchititsa magetsi woipa kuposa zitsulo ndi asemphana yokulirapo mu maonekedwe ndi makina. Ndi mkulu ionization mlingo angathe kupanga covalent mankhwala pawiri. Malongosoledwe zotsatirazi chitsanzo cha chlorine nonmetal adzapatsidwa.

Monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, izi amafotokozera mankhwala ndi mpweya. Pansi bwinobwino zinthu, ndi kwathunthu kwina katundu ofanana ndi a zitsulo. Popanda thandizo kunja mwina samva ndi mpweya, asafe, mpweya ndi ena. Chionetsero Zake oxidizing katundu polumikizana ndi zinthu yosavuta zina zovuta. Zimatanthauza halogens, amene bwino zimaonekera tingachidziwe mankhwala. The mankhwala ndi zina halogens (bromine, astatine, ayodini), displaces iwo. The chlorine gaseous (khalidwe la iye - chitsimikizo mwachindunji) bwino kusungunuka. Ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kwambiri. Only amapha zamoyo, zomwe zimachititsa kuti chofunika kwambiri pa ulimi ndi mankhwala.

Gwiritsani ntchito poizoni

Khalidwe chlorine atomu amalola ntchito yake wothandizila poizoni. Gasi anagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi Germany, ndi 04/22/1915, pa First World nkhondo, chifukwa cha imfa ya 15 chikwi. Munthu. Pa mphindi, ngati poizoni sizikhudza.

Tiyeni kufotokoza mwachidule chinthu mankhwala monga nthumwi kutsamwa. Zingamvekere thupi kupyolera suffocation. Kupereka woyamba chapamwamba airway kuyabwa ndi diso mkwiyo. Imayamba ndi kutsokomola chifundo cha breathlessness. Kenako, ozama mu mapapo, mpweya umachititsa a m'mapapo minofu, zomwe zimachititsa edema. Zofunika! Mankhwala tofa mankhwala.

Malinga ndende mu mlengalenga, zizindikiro angathe kukhala osiyana. Pa woipa otsika anthu redness a nembanemba wa mucous, wofatsa kupuma movutikira. Zili mu chikhalidwe cha 1.5-2 g / mamita ³ amachititsa mwamphamvu ndi zosangalatsa mu chifuwa, kupweteka kwambiri mu Airways chapamwamba. Komanso, boma akhoza limodzi ndi lacrimation amphamvu. Patapita mphindi 10-15 mu chipinda amenewa ndende ya chlorine amapezeka mapapo amphamvu kuyaka ndi imfa. Pamene woipa lolemererapo kufa mkati mphindi ku ziwalo za kapepala chapamwamba kupuma.

Pamene akugwira ntchito mankhwala tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zozitetezera, chigoba, Magolovesi.

Chlorine mu moyo wa zamoyo ndi zomera

Mankhwala ndi mbali ya zamoyo pafupifupi amoyo onse. Mbali ndiye kuti sangakhale pano mu mawonekedwe woyera ndipo mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala.

Nyama ndi zamoyo anthu a ayoni chlorine anakhalabe osmotic ofanana. Iwo amayamba ndi chakuti iwo ndi uthunthu abwino kwambiri malowedwe a khungu nembanemba. Pamodzi ndi ayoni potaziyamu CL nthawi madzi ndi mchere bwino. Mu intestine, ndi chlorine ayoni kulenga malo abwino kwa zochita za michere proteolytic madzi muzituluka. njira mankhwala enaake Amawapatsa maselo ambiri a thupi. Kudzera m'madzi awo intercellular amapezeka ndi pH anakhalabe maselo. Pafupifupi 85% buku okwana chinthu ichi mu thupi danga intercellular. Excreted ndi mkodzo ndi. Chifukwa amapangidwa ndi thupi wamkazi m'kati yoyamwitsa.

Pa nthawi imeneyi chitukuko ndi mwapadera zovuta kunena chimodzimodzi chimene matenda amakwiya chlorine ndi mankhwala ake. Ichi ndi chifukwa chosowa kafukufuku mderali.

Komanso chlorine ayoni alipo mu chomera maselo. Iye amagwira ntchito mwachangu kagayidwe mphamvu. Popanda mchitidwe uwu wa ndondomeko ya dzuwa sizingatheke. Ndi mizu kuti mwachangu kuyamwa zinthu zofunika. Komabe, ndende lalikulu la chlorine zomera angathe akusintha zochita deleterious (liwiro ndondomeko dzuwa, asiye chitukuko ndi kukula).

Komabe, pali nthumwi za zomera kuti anatha "mabwenzi", kapena gwirizana ndi katunduyo. Khalidwe nonmetal (chlorine) ndi mfundo monga luso la mankhwala kuti oxidize dothi. Mu zamoyo wa zomera tatchulazi, wotchedwa halophytes, mchere m'madambo wotanganidwa kanthu, amene analibe kanthu chifukwa cha overabundance wa chinthu ichi. Iwo kuyamwa chlorine ayoni, kenako ndiyotani pakuchotsa kudzera mwa tsamba kugwa.

Transport ndi kusunga chlorine

Pali njira zingapo kusuntha ndi sitolo chlorine. Mbali mchitidwe amafuna zonenepa wapadera paipi. muli oterowo kulemba chizindikiritso - choimirira wobiriwira mzere. akasinja mwezi ayenera bwinobwino kutsukidwa. yosungirako yaitali chlorine m'menemo precipitate aumbike amene ali zachiwawa kwambiri - asafe trichloride. Kulephera kusunga chitetezo chonse akulamulira zotheka mowiriza poyatsira ndi kuphulika.

Phunziro la chlorine

Tsogolo akatswiri chlorine ayenera kudziwika khalidwe. Mu ndondomekoyi, 9-graders akhoza ngakhale zatsopano zasayansi ndi mankhwala pamaziko a kudziwa zofunika pa nkhaniyi. Kumene, mphunzitsi ayenera kuchita maphunziro chitetezo.

Ndondomeko ntchito motere: utenge botololo ndi kutsanulira chlorine mu izo swarf. Mu ndege, pa tchipisi adzakhala kung'anima kuwala nsakali ndipo nthawi yomweyo n'zosavuta utsi woyera SbCl _3. Pamene kumizidwa mu chidebe cha chlorine malata angalepheretse izo ndi kudzikonda muyatsa, koma pansi pa botolo pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsa zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa moto. Pa linachepa madzi utsi - SnCl _4. Pamene kuwayika filings chitsulo chotengera anapanga wofiira "akutsikira" ndipo adzaoneka wofiira utsi FeCl _3.

Pamodzi ndi ntchito yeniyeni akubwerezedwa chiphunzitso. Makamaka funso monga chlorine khalidwe la udindo mu dongosolo nthawi (tafotokozera poyamba paja).

Chifukwa cha zinthu zatsopano, zikuoneka kuti mchitidwe sagwirizana mankhwala organic. Ngati mwaika mtsuko ndi chlorine thonje ubweya ankawaviika turpentine kale, izo yomweyo akayaka, ndi botololo zikuchepa nkhosa mwaye. Mogwira kusonkhezera moto ndi sodium chikasu, ndipo pa makoma a glassware ndi timibulu mchere kuonekera. Ophunzira adzakhala ndi chidwi kuphunzira kuti, pamene akadali sayansi wamng'ono, NN Semenov (pambuyo Nobel), ndi zimenezi, anasonkhana ku makoma a botololo, ndi mchere, owazidwa mkate ake ndi kuzidya. Umagwirira wolondola ndipo sanalole wasayansi. Chifukwa cha chochitika mankhwala kwenikweni anatembenuka wamba tebulo mchere!