Black Sea kukula: kuya, m'lifupi ndi m'litali

Mu yachokera pali zikalata kutsimikizira kuti mudziwe woyamba Nyanja Black za m'ma V. BC. Ndi chifukwa Argonauts wake olimba mtima, kutsogozedwa ndi Jason anapita Colchis muzosaka za Golden ubweya kugonjetsa zopinga zambiri. Poyamba sanasinthe kuyambira dzina! Black Sea pa chizindikiro ichi tithe yoyamba padziko lonse. Popeza kutchula koyamba mu mapepala a dzina zasintha 20 nthawi.

anachita dzina amakono kuti?

Pali Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana za chiyambi chake. Agiriki akale dzina Nyanja - Pont Axinus, amene anamasuliridwa kuti "yovuta". Dzina limeneli udadza thangwi ya mavuto ndi navigation ndi amalinyero akale, ngakhale ang'ono, poyerekeza ndi ena, kukula kwa Nyanja Black. Kamodzi katswiri kugombe la atsamunda, izo zasintha mu Pont Euxine, amene anamasuliridwa kuti "alendo." Patapita zaka 10-16 rusichi kuti "Russian Sea", kapena "Msukuti". Today dzina la posungira - Black.

Chifukwa dzina ili? Gwero loyamba dzina ankanena za m'ma XIII, ngakhale kuli kotheka kuti anaonekera kale. kungoganizira wina anasonyeza kuti dzina linauka chifukwa cha chiwembu cha anthu a m'dziko ndi agonjetsi awo. "Kara Deniz" - "wakuda ndi yovuta." Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, otchedwa iye ndi anthu ochokera m'mayiko kum'mwera, amene anaona pamene mkuntho mdima kumwamba anaphatikizidwa m'madziwo. Mosungiramo kwenikweni mafunde mkuntho zikuwoneka wakuda.

chiphunzitso china ndi dzina ano zinachokera chifukwa cha katundu yeniyeni ya mosungiramo "kuwononga" pa anangula ndi zinthu zina mozama. Izi zachitika chifukwa cha chikoka cha sulfide wa hydrogen. Malinga ndi ziphunzitso zina, dzina lake wakhala nyanja ya wakuda matope, amene nthawi anaponyedwa kumtunda kukachita namondwe.

Kutalika kwa Nyanja Black: m'lifupi, kutalika

Ponta kusamvana anayesa kuwerengetsa Herodotus kuyeza magawo ake, amene linaŵerengera galimoto ulendo masana mapwando (mtunda). m'litali, malinga Herodotus, anali masitepe 11.100, ndipo m'lifupi ndi ambiri lalikulu malo - 3300 masitepe. akatswiri a masiku ano ali ndi mwayi mkati kilometre ndi kuwerengera kukula kwa Nyanja Black. The kwambiri m'litali kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo - mtunda wa pa 1.150 Km, kuchokera ku gombe mpaka ku gombe Chibugariya la Georgia.

Ku mudzi Chiyukireniya Koblevo ku gombe la Turkey ndi kukula kwa Nyanja Black (km) -616, kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera. Kutalika zing'onozing'ono ndi za 265 Km. Ndi malo geographers, asayansi sangathe kusankha, ngakhale kukula kudziwika kwa Black Sea. Malinga kuwerengetsera ena ali makilomita lalikulu 422000, ndi pa zina - 436 400 km². The utali wonse wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ili pafupi 4100 Km. Ali kuchuluka kwa madzi - za 555 000 makilomita kiyubiki.

ndi kukula kwa Nyanja Black pa akuya chiyani? zolozerazi ali motere: kuya pazipita ndi pakati 2212-2245 m, pafupifupi - 1250 mamita kumpoto-kumadzulo mbali ya posungira adzamasulidwa kuti pali nthawi osaya madzi zone, kufika ku 200 Km mu kupingasa ndi kukwera - osati mamita oposa 160 ..

Magwero a nyanja

Mu malo uyu miliyoni 30-40 zaka zapitazo, inali nyanja yaikulu ya Tethys. Geological zazikulu-ndondomeko nthawi zonse anapanga zimachititsa chilumbachi ya mapiri, monga Carpathians, ndi Alps ndi Caucasus, yomwe inasokoneza nyanja yaikulu ya Tethys mu matupi ang'onoang'ono a madzi. Mmodzi wa iwo anali ndi Sarmatian Sea. Inali pa malo ano Aral, Azov, Black ndi Caspian Pacific.

limatchula Geological

Kukula kwa Nyanja Black likuthandiza dzenje, amene anasiyanitsidwa Atlantic Ocean. macrorelief sakanikira wake ndipo imakhala malo atatu yowala: otsetsereka chokhala, alumali ndipo beseni kwambiri. zone alumali ikusonyezedwa ndi kuya yaing'ono, otsetsereka chokhala ndi m'goli kwambiri, amakhala ndi pamaso pa maphompho sitima zapamadzi ndi zigwa. Beseni umalandira mozama kwambiri pakati pa Black Sea. Komanso, dera yaikulu ya zimachititsa chilumbachi pansi ndi mawu m'dera Alpine geosynclinal. Mosungiramo kukhutitsa Eurasian mitsinje Dnieper, Dniester, Southern Bug, Danube, Psou, Bzyb, Cawdor, Yesil-Irmak, Inguri, Rioni, ndi ena.

Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri hydrosulfide dziwe la dziko lathuli. Kusiyanitsa khalidwe ndi kulunjika ake mtheradi, kupatula mu imachita mitundu anaerobic tizilombo, unsuitability moyo pa kuya pansipa 150-200 m. Zigawo izi odzipereka sulfide wa hydrogen, kudzikundikira amene mwachindunji ndi anthu mabakiteriya sulphate kuchepetsa. Wapakati amenewa zigawo chapamwamba madzi m'chigawo chapakati cha posungira - pafupifupi (16-18 ‰). Pa kuya pansipa 150-200 mamita izo kumawonjezera kwa 21-22 ‰.

ndi miyeso ya Nyanja Black chiyani?

M'madzi dziwe ndi mwachirengedwe ogaŵikana mbali zikuluzikulu zitatu. zifaniziro zawo ndi:

malo Geographical

Kumwera gombe la nyanja Black ku Georgia kuti pakamwa. Rezovska amatanthauza m'dera la Turkey. West Coast wa posungira limabweretsa Bulgaria, ndiyeno - kumpoto ndi malire a Ukraine - Romania. Madzi a Black Sea gombe kusamba ndi Russia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Turkey, Abkhazia ndi Georgia. Pamwamba pake akudutsa chophiphiritsa m'malire Asia ndi ku Ulaya.

Popeza Black Sea miyeso (m'lifupi, kutalika, kuya) ndi ochepa, zazing'ono obrazovyvajutsja mafunde poyerekeza ndi mayiwe ena panja. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha otsika kuwombola madzi ndi Atlantic Ocean. Nyanja yaikulu tectonic dzenje, ndilo pazipita mozama -. About 2245 mamita kumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo m'malire ndi otsika, koma pali ena mtunda phompho. Mu Crimea - makamaka otsika kunama, kupatulapo chakumwera kwa phiri. A kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera mbali kwambili ndi nyanja oyenera Caucasus ndi Pontic Mountains.

Pa confluence a mitsinje anapanga osaya kumalo - Lima Dniester, Khadzhibei, Kuyal'nitskogo, Tiligulskiy ndi Dnipro. Chilumba yaikulu ya Black Sea Crimea zochita, chikugwirizana ndi kumtunda mwa Perekop kamtunda kopita ku chilumba. Islands mu Nyanja Black ochepa. Waukulu pakati pawo - Berezan ndi Njoka, aliyense ndi dera zosakwana 1 km². Kerch Khwalala, ndi kuya kuyambira mamita 4 mpaka 18, zikugwirizana Nyanja Black ndi Nyanja ya Azov. Bosporus ndi Dardanelles ndi Marmara ndi nyanja Aegean zikugwirizana ndi Mediterranean.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Akatswiri mobwerezabwereza takambirana chiphunzitso chakuti Nyanja Black zinachitika za 6000-8000 zaka zapitazo, pamene wowuka madzi a m'nyanja chifukwa kusungunuka oundana. Pamene mlingo wa madzi mu Nyanja Mediterranean wagonjetsedwa ndi damu zachilengedwe, amene udindo anali lero Bosphorus. Ananyemanyema chimphona mtsinje wa madzi ndi wofanana ndi mphamvu ya 200 Niagara Falls, chadzadza panopa m'madzi dzenje. Izi amafotokozera zachilengedwe monga Baibulo ambiri pa Chigumula, amene akufotokozedwa mu Old Testament. Nkofunika kuti tsokali akuluakulu achilengedwe chikugwirizana ndi magwero sayansi ndi chipembedzo.