Mankwala umagwirira - ndi chiyani ichi? Mankwala umagwirira mu maphunziro a kusukulu

Umagwirira mu masukulu akuyamba mu sitandade 8 kuphunzira mfundo za sayansi: kufotokoza mitundu mwina ubwenzi maatomu, mitundu ya lattices galasi ndi njira ambiri anachita. Ichi chimakhala maziko a kuphunzira zofunika, koma kutchula gawo - inorganics.

Kodi ichi

Mankwala umagwirira - sayansi kuti amaona mfundo za kapangidwe, katundu zikuluzikulu ndi reactivity wa tebulo nthawi ya zinthu. Yofunika kwambiri ndi anagwira inorganics Chilamulo nthawi ndi nthawi, amene nthawi gulu la mwadongosolo zinthu kusintha kulemera, chiwerengero ndi mtundu.

Maphunzirowa limaphatikizapo mankhwala anapanga mwa kuchita zinthu tebulo (nokha ndi dera la chimasanduka, tikambirana chaputala organic). Ntchito mu umagwirira zochita kupanga kulola kuti akwaniritse chidziwitso ongolankhula kuchita.

Science mu zakhala zikuchitika

Dzina "la zochita kupanga" anaonekera malinga ndi lingaliro kuti chimakwirira gawo la chidziwitso mankhwala, amene si chokhudzana ndi ntchito ya zamoyo kwachilengedwenso.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, izo zatsimikiziridwa kuti ambiri a dziko organic zingabweretse ndi "si amoyo" pawiri, ndipo mtundu uliwonse wa chimasanduka apanga zasayansi. Choncho, ammonium cyanate, amene mchere umagwirira zinthu Wohler German wasayansi akhoza lithe urea.

Kuti asasokonezeke ndi nomenclature ndi gulu la mitundu ya kafukufuku sayansi awiri pulogalamu ya maphunziro ndi yunivesite ziyenera umagwirira ambiri kumaphatikizapo kuphunzira zochita kupanga monga chilango ofunika. Mu dziko sayansi wapulumutsidwa analogous zinayendera.

makalasi inorganics

Mankhwala chakudya amenewa amapereka chomwe mitu yoyambirira inorganically tione malamulo zodziwitsa zinthu. Gawo ili ndi mtundu wapadera, ozikidwa pa kopanda kuti atomiki milandu nyukiliya zimakhudza pa katundu zinthu ndi njira deta zosiyanasiyana cyclically. Poyamba tebulo anamanga monga chinyezimiro cha zikuluzikulu atomiki misa zinthu, koma posakhalitsa zinayendera anapatsidwa wakanidwa chifukwa linalephera mu mbali imene amafuna yokhudza nkhaniyi, vuto zochita kupanga.

Zimapangidwira, kuwonjezera pa tebulo nthawi, zikusonyeza pamaso pa za zana akalumikidzidwa, masango ndi chintchito kusonyeza katundu pafupipafupi.

Panopa otchuka Consolidated Baibulo la kuganizira mfundo monga makalasi zimapangidwira zochita kupanga. Makoma a zinthu tebulo ndi chinaneneratu malingana ndi katundu physico-mankhwala, mu mizere - ofanana ndi nthawi mzake.

Zambiri zinthu mu inorganics

chizindikiro tebulo zodziwitsa ndi chinthu yosavuta mu mkhalidwe mfulu - zambiri ziwiri zosiyana. Mbali yoyamba izo zimanyezimiritsa kokha mtundu umodzi wokha wa maatomu, lachiwiri - mtundu wa particles pawiri ndi mwagwirizana chikoka awo m'njira khola.

Chemical kulumikiza mu zinthu yosavuta imawachititsa kugawanitsa banja. Choncho magulu awiri yotakata yosiyanasiyana ya ma atomu akhoza kuwasiyanitsa - zitsulo ndipo sanali zitsulo. Banja loyamba zikuphatikizapo anthu 96 ochokera 118 kuphunzira.

zitsulo

Zitsulo mtundu kumapereka lingaliro kugwirizana pakati pa particles a dzina lomweli. Mogwirizana zochokera ma elekitironi socialization latisi, yodziwika omnidirectional ndi unsaturated. Ichi ndi chifukwa zitsulo ndi ochititsa zabwino kutentha, mtengo, ndi zachitsulo luster, malleability ndi ductility.

Conventionally, zitsulo zotsala tebulo zodziwitsa pa mzere molunjika kuchokera boron kuti astatine. Zochitika zomwe zili zofanana pamalo kwa mzerewu, kawirikawiri malire chikhalidwe ndi kuonetsa duality katundu (mwachitsanzo, germanium).

Zitsulo mawonekedwe zofunika pawiri. Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zinthu zina amangoona Kodi musalumphe awiri. Pansi ukuwonjezeka metallicity ndi amachepetsa mu nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, nyukiliya francium akusonyeza chuma zofunika kuposa soda ndi banja halogen kuti ayodini ngakhale amaoneka zachitsulo luster.

Koma n'zosiyana m'nyengo ya - sublevels anamaliza inert mpweya, limene ndi zinthu ndi katundu zosiyana. Danga yopingasa ku gome nthawi ya zinthu anasonyeza kusintha reactivity ku zoyambirira amphoteric acidic kupyolera. Zitsulo - wabwino kuchepetsa wothandizila (kuvomereza ma elekitironi mu mapangidwe kumangidwa).

Non-zitsulo

Mtundu wa maatomu monga makalasi lalikulu zimapangidwira zochita kupanga. Non-zitsulo kutenga mbali ya dzanja lamanja ya tebulo nthawi, amangoona naonetsere katundu acidic. Deta zambiri anapeza zinthu mwa mawonekedwe a mankhwala wina ndi mzake (mwachitsanzo, borates, sulfates, madzi). Mu ufulu boma maselo amadziwika kuli sulfure, mpweya ndi asafe. Palinso angapo sanali zitsulo mpweya diatomic - popanda ziwiri tatchulazi, kuphatikizapo wa hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, chloro ndi iodo.

Kodi zinthu wambiri padziko lapansi - makamaka wamba pakachitsulo, wa hydrogen, mpweya ndi mpweya. Ayodini, selenium ndi Arsenic anagawira ochepa kwambiri (pano n'zotheka monga nyukiliya ndi wosakhazikika masanjidwe, zomwe zili mu nthawi yomalizira pa tebulo).

Mu mankhwala a nonmetals zinthu ambiri monga zidulo. Kodi oxidants wamphamvu chifukwa kuthekera kujowina wa ma elekitironi zina kumaliza mlingo.

zinthu zovuta mu inorganics

Kuwonjezera zinthu zimene ankaimira gulu lina la atomu kusiyanitsa mankhwala kupanga masanjidwe yosiyanasiyana. Zinthu zimenezi zingakhale bayinare (ongokhala particles awiri osiyana), three-, zinayi amafotokozera ndi zina zotero.

Ziwiri mchitidwe zinthu

Zofunika makamaka mogwirizana binarity mamolekyulu Ufumuyo zimapangidwira. Makalasi a mankhwala zochita kupanga Komanso ankaona pa kaonedwe kugwirizana anapanga pakati pa ma atomu. Kungakhale amaayoni, zachitsulo, covalent (kumalo ozizira kapena nonpolar) kapena losanganikirana. Childs wothandizila ngati bwino kuonetsa zofunika (chifukwa zitsulo katundu), amphoteric (wapawiri - makamaka kwa zotayidwa) kapena acidic (ngati pali mchitidwe mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la +4 kapena kuposerapo) Khalidwe.

Atatu mchitidwe anzake

Mitu kupereka Mankwala Chemistry kuganizira ndi mtundu anzawo maatomu. The mankhwala zigwirizana magulu oposa awiri maatomu (zambiri zambiri zochita kupanga ndi mitundu itatu-chidutswa) ali ambiri popangidwa ndi nawo zigawo zosiyana kwambiri Chrixitu mu magawo physicochemical.

Mitundu zotheka kulankhulana - covalent, amaayoni ndi kusakaniza. Childs, atatu mchitidwe chikhazikitso cha khalidwe ndi ofanana bayinare ndi mfundo yakuti mmodzi wa asilikali interatomic kwambiri mphamvu ina: pang'ono kwaiye kubadwa ndipo amatha dissociate mu njira mofulumira.

Makalasi a Chemistry Mankwala

Ambiri anaphunzira m'njira zinthu zochita kupanga zikhoza kuganiziridwa kuti gulu losavuta malinga zikuchokera zawo ndi katundu. Choncho, kusiyanitsa hydroxides, zidulo, oxides ndi mchere. Kuphunzira ubale wawo ndi bwino kuyamba ndi chiyambi cha mfundo mitundu oxidised, zimenezi iliyonse zinthu zochita kupanga. Kapangidwe ka mabwenzi ngati zimene takambirana mu chaputala pa oxides.

oxides

Okusayidi ndi pawiri la aliyense mchitidwe mankhwala ndi mpweya boma ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wofanana -2 (monga peroxides -1 motero). Mgwirizano mapangidwe kumachitika chifukwa zimakhudza elekitironi ndi kuchepetsa zake ndi O ₂ (kumene electronegative amafotokozera ndi mpweya).

Ndipo mwina acidic, ndi amphoteric, ndi katundu zofunika malingana ndi gulu lachiwiri la atomu. Ngati zitsulo izi okusayidi si upambana +2 makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma, ngati sanali zitsulo - kuchokera 4 ndi pamwamba. Zitsanzo ndi magawo a chikhalidwe wapawiri akwaniritsa phindu 3.

acid inorganics

mankhwala Acidic sing'anga anachita ndi osakwana 7 zili wa hydrogen wa cations amene apite njira ndipo kenako m'malo mwa ion zitsulo. Malinga ndi gulu ndi zinthu zovuta. Ambiri zidulo angathe kukonzekera ndi diluting ndi madzi oxides lolingana, mwachitsanzo, mu mapangidwe asidi sulfuric pambuyo hydration wa CHONCHO _3.

Kuweta Mankwala Chemistry

The katundu wa mankhwala a mtundu uwu chifukwa kukhalapo kwa hydroxyl kwakukulu HA, amene amalola chilengedwe zimene pamwamba 7. soda sungunuka zapansi akutchedwa, iwo ali amphamvu kwambiri mu kalasi zinthu chifukwa cha dissociation zonse (kuwonongeka mu ayoni mu madzi). HA gulu mu mapangidwe salt akhoza m'malo ndi zatsalira acidic.

Mankwala umagwirira - sayansi wapawiri kuti akhoza kufotokoza nkhaniyo tiyerekeze. Mu m'munsi chiphunzitso protolytic sankaoneka ngati wa hydrogen acceptors cation. Njira imeneyi chimafikira mfundo kalasi zinthu, soda kuitana chinthu chilichonse kuti akhoza kulandira pulotoni.

salt

mtundu wa mankhwala opezeka pa zapansi ndi zidulo, monga mankhwala a mogwirizana awo. Choncho, monga cation ambiri chili ndi zitsulo ion (nthawizina ammonium, phosphonium kapena hydronium) komanso anionic zinthu - asidi zotsalira. Pamene mapangidwe mchere m'malo ndi wa hydrogen ndi katundu wina.

Malinga ndi chiŵerengero cha reagents ndi mphamvu ndi ulemu wina ndi mnzake efficiently kuchitira mitundu ingapo ya mankhwala anachita:

• salt zofunika analandira ngati magulu hydroxyl si kwathunthu mmalo (zinthu zina ndi zamchere anachita sing'anga);
• salt acidic anapanga pa nkhani zosiyana - ndi kusowa zotakasika wa hydrogen tsankho m'munsi amakhalabe kugwirizana;
• ndi ndi zaka zambiri amadziwika ndi losavuta kumvetsa ndi (kapena zachilendo) nyemba - iwo ndiwo mankhwala a reagents wathunthu neutralization kupanga madzi ndi chinthu ndi chabe cation zitsulo kapena analogue zake ndi moiety acid.

Mankwala umagwirira - sayansi yofunika nagawira yense kalasi mu zidutswa, omwe amaonedwa pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana: imodzi - pamaso ena - Patapita. Pa kuphunzira mozama kusiyanitsa ngakhale 4 mitundu ya mchere:

• Wapawiri muli anion umodzi mu kukhalapo kwa cations awiri. Childs zomangira ndizo zotsatira za merging salt awiri ndi zotsalira chomwecho asidi, koma zitsulo zosiyana siyana.
• Obwerawa osiyana yapita chimodzi: ndi maziko a cation wina ndi anions awiri osiyana.
• Tinthu hydrates - mchere, dongosolo lake madzi mu boma crystalline.
• Maofesi - zinthu zimene cation, anion kapena onse awiri awa akuimira mu mawonekedwe a masango ndi jenereta. salt amenewa angathe kukonzekera advantageously ku zinthu za subgroup B.

Monga zinthu zina mu msonkhano pa Mankwala Chemistry, sipangakhalenso wachinsinsi monga salt kapena hydrides pamene machaputala munthu kudziwa akhoza kutchulidwa, nitrides, carbides ndi mankhwala intermetallic (mankhwala zitsulo zingapo, si aloyi).

zotsatira

Mankwala umagwirira - sayansi kuti ndi chidwi aliyense katswiri mu dera lino, kaya zofuna zawo. Pamafunikanso chaputala choyamba, kusukulu pankhaniyi. Njira ya Mankwala Chemistry amapereka systematization mabuku lalikulu zambiri malinga ndi gulu zomveka bwino kwambiri.