Mitundu ya lattices galasi zinthu zosiyanasiyana

Mu chikhalidwe pali mitundu iwiri ya zolimba, zomwe kusiyana kwambiri katundu wawo. Izi amorphous ndi crystalline zolimba. Ndipo thupi amorphous alibe yeniyeni limatsogolera kutentha pa Kutentha kenako anasintha, ndipo ndipo umasamutsidwa ku mkhalidwe flowable. Zitsanzo za zinthu zina zikhoza kukhala dongo mwachizolowezi kapena utomoni. Koma mosiyana kwambiri ndi mmene zilili ndi zinthu crystalline. Iwo akhalebe mumkhalidwe olimba mpaka kutentha ena, ndipo kokha akulalikira, zinthu izi isungunuke.

Pali zonse za kapangidwe ka zinthu zina. The crystalline zolimba particles limene iwo amapangidwa, zili pa mfundo zina. Ndipo ngati iwo ogwirizana ndi mizere molunjika, iwe ngati chimango kungoganiza, wotchedwa - kophimba krustalo. Ndipo mitundu ya lattices galasi akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri. Ndipo kunena za particles amene iwo "anamanga" latisi anawagawa amitundu inayi. Izi amaayoni, atomiki, maselo ndi zachitsulo grille.

Ndi mfundo amaayoni lattices, motero imakonzedwa ayoni ndi amaayoni chomangira chamtundu pakati pawo. ayoni awa akhoza kukhala wophweka (Cl-, Na +), kapena zovuta (OH-, SO2-). Ndipo awa a mitundu lattices galasi anyamula ena oxides zitsulo ndi hydroxides, salt ndi nthumwi zina zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, ochiritsira sodium kolorayidi. Iwo chlorine ayoni taphunzira zoipa ndi zabwino ndi sodium ayoni kuti apange kiyubiki galasi latisi. nsinga amaayoni ngati latisi ndipo zinthu khola kwambiri "anamanga" pa mfundo imeneyi, ndi mphamvu mokwanira mkulu ndi kuuma.

Palinso mitundu ya lattices Krustalo, wotchedwa atomiki. Apa, mfundo imakonzedwa maatomu, pakati muli amphamvu covalent muzikondana. latisi nyukiliya sali kwambiri za mankhwala. Zikuphatikizapo diamondi, ndipo crystalline germanium, pakachitsulo ndi boron. Pali zina zovuta zinthu zili silika ndi kukhala, motero, ndi atomiki galasi latisi. Izi mchenga, khwatsi, thanthwe galasi ndi silika. Ndipo nthawi zambiri, zinthu izi ndi amphamvu kwambiri, zovuta ndi refractory. Komanso, iwo ali pafupifupi insoluble.

A mitundu maselo a lattices galasi ndi nkhani zosiyana kwambiri. Zina madzi achisanu, i.e. wamba ayezi, "youma ayezi" - anaumitsa carbon monoxide, komanso olimba sulfide hydrogen ndi wa hydrogen mankhwala enaake. Wina maselo sieves ambiri olimba organic mankhwala. Zikuphatikizapo shuga, shuga, naphthalene ndi zinthu zina zofanana. molekyulu A ili pa mfundo za latisi ndi, cholukanalukana kumalo ozizira ndi nonpolar nsinga mankhwala. Ndipo ngakhale kuti mkati mamolekyulu ndi yolimba nsinga covalent pakati pa ma atomu, mamolekyu okha imachitikira latisi chifukwa nsinga ofooka kwambiri intermolecular. Choncho, zinthu zina ndi mokwanira oyaka chovuta anasungunuka ndi kuuma mkulu.

Koma zitsulo zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya lattices krustalo. Ndipo iwo akhoza kukhala mfundo monga maatomu ndi ayoni. Maatomu mosavuta n'kukhala ayoni, kusiya ma elekitironi awo "ntchito ambiri". Chimodzimodzinso ayoni "wogonjetsa" ufulu elekitironi akhale maatomu. Ndipo dongosolo lino la latisi zitsulo ndiyo katundu zitsulo monga ductility, malleability, ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe.

Komanso, mitundu ya lattices galasi zitsulo, ndi zina zipangizo anawagawa machitidwe zazikulu zisanu ndi ziwiri mu mawonekedwe a maselo chiyambidwe cha latisi lapansi. Losavuta selo kiyubiki. Palinso rhombic, tetragonal, hexagonal, rhombohedral, monoclinic ndi triclinic wagawo maselo, zomwe kudziwa mawonekedwe a galasi latisi lonse. Koma nthawi zambiri, kophimba galasi ndi zovuta kuposa amene ali pamwambawa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti particles pulayimale kungakhale osati mwa iwo okha latisi malo, komanso likulu lake kapena pa nkhope yake. Pakati pa zitsulo ambiri osiyanasiyana atatu galasi latisi: nkhope zawo zokha kiyubiki, thupi zokha kiyubiki ndi hexagonal pafupi chidwi. zitsulo wina maonekedwe zimadalira osati pa mawonekedwe a latisi awo Krustalo, ndi kutalika interatomic ndi magawo ena.