Anthu ambiri, ngakhale amene adores iye, samadziwa mphesa - zipatso kapena zipatso. zomera, popanda zomwe mbiri ya anthu akhoza kukhazikitsa mosiyana, wakula m'mayiko osiyanasiyana zoposa 7 zaka chikwi.. Pankhaniyi, alimi sankasamala, mphesa - ndi zipatso kapena zipatso. Kwa iwo kunali kofunika kuti iye anali zambiri zothandiza katundu wa munthu.
Kufotokozera za mphesa
Zomera za mtundu Vitis, a m'banja la Vitaceae Juss. mphukira wake, kufika kutalika mamita angapo, lotchedwa mpesa. Popeza mphesa - ndi zipatso kapena zipatso? Yankho la funso limeneli ndi lomveka. Zomwe ake onse morphological zipatso za izi zomera ndi zipatso. maluwa ang'onoang'ono anasonkhana ku florets yaing'ono (zovuta burashi kapena tsache). Mphesa ndi mphepo mungu, ngakhale kuti akhoza mungu ndi tizilombo. Pali mitundu ingapo ya maluwa: ziwaloziwiri, wamwamuna, zimagwirira ntchito wamwamuna, indetu chosalimba, zimagwirira ntchito wamkazi. Izi zidalira pa mlingo wa chitukuko m'madera ake aamuna ndi aakazi. Mphesa wokongola msanga akulowa gawo fruiting. Iye undemanding kwa nthaka, kotero ilo limakula bwino ngakhale pa dothi miyala. Mphesa ali kusinthasintha wabwino ndipo ndi chilala zosagwira.
Chiyambi cha mphesa
Pali malingaliro angapo za malo chiyambi cha mphesa. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, malo zomera zosangalatsa ankaona kuti Asia Minor. Pa zina - Caucasus ndi kugombe la Mediterranean. Mu mphesa izi zakutchire mitundu afalitsidwa padziko lonse kale maonekedwe a mtundu uliwonse chikhalidwe. Mbewu anapeza zinthu zakale zimasonyeza kuti mphesa kukula Lapansi zaka 60 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu ya 250 ya zomera, zofala mabacteria otentha a hemispheres onse, pali zoposa 70 kukula mu nyengo ofunda ndi ofunda a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi.
The zosiyanasiyana
Mphesa, zithunzi zomwe zikuonetsa nambala yaikulu mitundu yake ndi mitundu, zaka masauzande angapo anasankhidwa. Pa yomweyo munthu wafuna kuti azipeza katundu zakudya za zipatso za mbewu. Pa nthawi, izo kudzipatula za 3 zikwi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana. mphesa khalidwe zimadalira magawo ambiri. Pakali pano, pali angapo magulu ake. Malinga ndi katundu ndi cholinga mphesa anawagawa mitundu luso, chodyera, mosalekeza ndi seedless. Iwo amasiyana mawu a kukhwima. Pali mochedwa ndi oyambirira mitundu.
Makhalidwe a mphesa
Mu kukula zipatso za mbewu komanso ndife osiyana kwambiri. Choncho, ambiri a iwo ali m'mimba mwake ka zosakwana 10 mm. Iwo anatsatira ndi ang'ono, sing'anga, zipatso lalikulu. The awiri a yaikulu zambiri kuposa 25 mm. Monga osiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ya mphesa. Akatswiri kusiyanitsa kuwala wobiriwira, pinki, wofiira, Amber, wachikasu, nsaru mitundu wakuda. Peel zipatso okutidwa waxy ❖ kuyanika otchedwa pruinom. Zimakhala woonda yowawitsa kapena wakuda ndi amphamvu. Ku dongosolo umadalira pa luso la mphesa kusungidwa kuwola ndi kukhazikika ake kukoma. zosiyanasiyana mitundu amasiyana osati mtundu wa zipatso, komanso ndi mawonekedwe awo. Iwo akhoza kukhala chowulungika, kuzungulira, ovoid, flattened kapena elongated. Mphesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana amasiyana m'thupi mwawo. Zimakhala wandiweyani, zofewa, khirisipi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti osati mphesa woyera akhoza kukhala zopangira kwa kupanga kuwala vinyo ndi timadziti. Amachita zipatso kuti khungu wachikuda. mitundu ambiri a mphesa madzi ndi pafupifupi colorless, koma palinso zipatso mdima, ndi amene ali ndi kwambiri vinyo wofiira mtundu.
zipatso kukoma khalidwe
Ife tikudziwa kale mphesa - izo zipatso kapena zipatso, ndipo tsopano ayenera kulabadira mtundu wa zipatso zake. Ngakhale zosiyanasiyana mitundu, akatswiri kusiyanitsa pakati pa magulu angapo lalikulu, kulumikizanitsa mitundu ofanana kulawa, kuphatikizapo:
• wamba (ndale) kaphatikizidwe acid ndi kukoma, koma alibe mbali iliyonse chosiyana;
• Solanaceae, amakoma ngati zipatso za zomera herbaceous;
• muscat - amphamvu khalidwe amakambirana;
• Isabella, mmene kafungo ka sitiroberi, blackcurrant ndi chinanazi ndi kukhala zamkati mucous.
kukula mphesa
Pafupifupi aliyense akudziwa kuti kunyumba mphesa makamaka ntchito kupangira timadziti, stewed zipatso ndi vinyo. Komabe, nthawi zambiri amachita ndi kukongoletsa ntchito monga kukwera chomera kwa gazebos malo, arbors ndi pergolas. M'minda kunyumba, ambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yozizira-Hardy, mpesa amene kufika mamita angapo m'litali. Mwatsoka, mitundu kwambiri tebulo zosafunika kulima m'njira imeneyi. Mu zikhalidwe zathu nyengo bwino kulima mphesa chimadalira pa malo Hrs a m'mudzi ndi zinthu ndalama. M'chigawo chakumwera, zomera wakula mu nthaka mumatsegula trellis lapansi. Mu M'madera a zitunda zambiri kumpoto zabwino tebulo mitundu nthawi zambiri chakula greenhouses wapadera usavutike m'chaka mochedwa ndi yophukira oyambirira. Kukula osachepera nyumba amenewa: kutalika - 2.5 mamita; kutalika -. 2.1 mamita ena winegrowers kukula mitundu kutentha wachikondi ndi pansi lotseguka. Pankhaniyi, tiyenera nthawi zonse chepetsa mipesa, kuima kukula, kuyambira yozizira ayenera pogona naye ozizira, natenga pamodzi zopeta ndipo atagona pansi. Ambiri kukumba maenje, kumene mosamala anaika zomera, insulated ankatumikira wake zipangizo (zikatoni, nkhuni tchipisi, udzu wouma) wokutidwa ndi dziko lapansi. chivundikiro Zimenezi zimathandiza kusunga mpesa kukhazika ngakhale pansi chisanu lolemera. Chinthu china choopsa cha popewa okalamba mitundu kutentha wachikondi mphesa, ndi kupanda kuwala. Choncho, pansi nyengo siili, zipatso akhoza kukhala wobiriwira mpaka September-October. Bookmark munda ali mfundo zina. Muyenera kupewa chodzala amphamvu ndi slaboroslyh sukulu pamodzi, ayenera payokha anaika neukryvnyh ndi nthawi pogona, mosavuta atengeke matenda ndi ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi iwo, malemu ndi oyambirira. zomera ayenera pansi kudulira (kasupe ndi yophukira). Izi amachotsa nthambi zonse ndi mphesa mpesa ndi ofooka, kukula nevyzrevshie pachaka. Kwambiri yokolola kungopereka mphukira amphamvu. Komanso, pa dzinja, m'pofunika kuchotsa mphukira kukula kumbuyo pamwamba masango lalikulu pa tsinde la chaka chatha, monga kukula latsopano "chimakakamiza timadziti" mbewu yokha, kuteteza kusasitsa zipatso pa.
kugwiritsa ntchito zipatso
Table mphesa amasiyana kukoma kwambiri, kotero iwo anafuna kudya mwatsopano. Ena mitundu ndi kuumitsa kwa kupanga sultanas ndi zoumba. Ambiri a mphesa atakula anatumiza processing kwa kupanga timadziti ndi vinyo. Popeza zipatso za mbewu ndi akatswiri a okhutira shuga (25-30%) ndi Mkhalidwe zikuchokera, mankhwala onse ndi wofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. Mu mphesa ndi mchere, zinthu organic (shuga, mchere, potaziyamu) ndi mavitamini (A, B1, B2, B6, C, PP), kotero amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri zolinga prophylactic ndi achire. Gwiritsani mphesa kumathandiza kuthamanga matenda, kuyeretsedwa kwa airway ntchofu, bwino matenda a khungu. Table mphesa, wachita zazikulu, Magulu wokongola zipatso ndi zamkati ndi minofu, ndi kukoma ogwirizana. Ichi ndi chifukwa zili yabwino dzuwa mosavuta zidyeke ndi zidulo. mitundu kwambiri pa tebulo bwino kunyamulidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali m'mikhalidwe yabwino. Ngakhale phindu la mphesa, ndi contraindicated kwa anthu odwala matenda a shuga, matenda pachimake matumbo, kunenepa ndi matenda a duodenum ndi.
kubalana wa mphesa
zomera zimafalitsidwa vegetatively (by layering, cuttings). Nthawi zina, kwa achinyamata zomera obereketsa ndi mbewu ntchito, koma mu nkhani iyi mphesa kwa nthawi yaitali siyingabale zipatso. Nthawi zambiri, mbande tinapangidwa kutulutsa mitundu yatsopano. mphesa anabzala pa malo m'dera dzuwa (kum'mwera, kum'mwera chakum'mawa, kumwera chakumadzulo). Kutentha kwambiri chomera amalandira bwino khalidwe la zipatso ndi apamwamba lochuluka. nthaka akhoza kukhala kupatula m'madambo mchere. Komanso sayenera chinyontho ndi madzi. Nthawi zambiri, ozika mizu cuttings anabzala mu nthaka Tsegulani masika, koma ngati nkhani zomera bwino kwambiri anayamba, analola ndi kubzala m'dzinja. Popeza zambiri za mizu mphesa ili pa masentimita 20-40 pamwamba nthaka, zomera obzalidwa pa akuya 0.4 mamita mtunda wa pakati pawo - .. Pamene mphesa 1.5-2 mamita obzalidwa mizere, m'lifupi awo ayenera kukhala osachepera 2 m.
tizirombo mphesa
Mwatsoka, zomera kwambiri atengeke matenda ndi tizilombo toononga. The owopsa a iwo cinoni, nkhungu imvi, powdery cinoni, mavairasi, kudzakuwumitsani bakiteriya, mealybug, phylloxera, tsamba grozdevoy. Chotero kukhudzana matenda mphesa kumabweretsa kufunika mankhwala wothandizila wapadera mankhwala mankhwala zomera kupewa ndi kuchiza.