Nkhani yamasewera

Mu chikhalidwe, pali zinthu yosavuta zovuta. Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pawo - mu zikuchokera awo. Choncho, chinthu yosavuta monga ma atomu a chinthu china. Awo (yosavuta mankhwala) timibulu akhoza apanga zasayansi, ndipo nthawi zina kunyumba. Koma nthawi zambiri, ndi Nzofunikira yosungirako kulenga ena timibulu chifukwa.

Pali magulu asanu lomwe chuma olekanitsidwa ndi zitsulo yosavuta, theka-zitsulo, osakhala zitsulo, mankhwala intermetallic ndi halogens (mwachibadwa zikuchitika). Iwo akhoza umaimiridwa ndi atomiki (Ari, Iye) kapena maselo (O2, H2 O3) mpweya.

Mwachitsanzo tingachite mankhwala mpweya yosavuta. Izi zikuphatikizapo mamolekyulu ongokhala maatomu awiri mchitidwe oxygen. Kapena Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zachitsulo imakhala ndi timibulu chikukhudza maatomu yekha wa amafotokozera chitsulo. Mbiri amatchedwa chinthu wamba dzina amafotokozera, maatomu amene ali gawo la izo. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala awa akhoza kukhala maselo ndipo sanali maselo.

zipangizo chipangizo monga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma atomu ndipo akhoza kupanga pa kuwonongeka kwa awiri (kapena zambiri) pawiri. Mwachitsanzo, madzi pogawanikana pamawere ndi amapanga mpweya ndi wa hydrogen. Choncho aliyense pawiri akhoza decomposed mu zinthu chosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, sulfide chitsulo popangidwa ndi sulfure ndi chitsulo maatomu, osati amenable kuti pogawanikana pamawere. Pankhaniyi, pofuna kutsimikizira kuti pawiri ndi zovuta ndi sakanikira maatomu zikuphatikizapo, ntchito n'zosiyana anachita mfundo. M'mawu ena, ntchito poyambira zigawo analandira chitsulo sulfide.

Zambiri zinthu mitundu ya zinthu mankhwala kulili boma ufulu. Lero, sayansi amadziwa mitundu oposa mazana anayi a zinthu izi.

Mosiyana ndi zinthu zovuta Sangathe kupeza kuchokera zinthu zina yosavuta. Iwo sangathe kuthyoledwa pansi mu mankhwala ena.

A mchitidwe mankhwala akhoza kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zophweka. (Mwachitsanzo, amafotokozera amapanga mpweya triatomic ozoni, ndi diatomic mpweya ndi mpweya angathe kupanga daimondi ndi graphite). Mundawu amatchedwa allotropism. zosintha Allotropic amasiyana dongosolo ndi njira mayikidwe a makhiristo kapena mamolekyulu mu zikuchokera okha mamolekyulu (maatomu) amafotokozera. Luso kupanga mitundu angapo a zinthu zophweka chifukwa kapangidwe atomiki zomwe alinga mtundu wa mankhwala akapolo, komanso mbali ya kapangidwe ka tinthu ndi timibulu.

zosintha zonse allotropic ndi luso pochitika mzake. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu yosavuta anapanga munthu mankhwala mchitidwe akhoza kukhala ndi thupi katundu ndi milingo yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mpweya akusonyeza zochepa Mpweya umene kuposa, ntchito ndi mfundo limatsogolera wa fullerene, mwachitsanzo, poyerekeza la daimondi.

Zinthu zachilendo kwa zinthu khumi mankhwala kungoyankha zimapanga mpweya (Ari, Xe, RN, N, H, Nehemiya, O, F, Kr, cl, Iye,), kwa madzi ziwiri (br, Hg), ndi zinthu zina - zolimba.

Pa kutentha pafupi chipinda, zitsulo asanu adzalandira boma madzi kapena theka-zamadzimadzi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti limatsogolera kutentha awo ali pafupifupi wofanana ndi firiji. Choncho, Mercury, rubidium kusungunula pa madigiri 39, francium - pa 27, cesium - pa 28 ndi gallium pa madigiri 30.

Tikumbukenso kuti mawu akuti "mankhwala amafotokozera", "atomu", "yosavuta mankhwala" sayenera kusokonezedwa. Choncho Mwachitsanzo, ali ndi atomu yeniyeni, ndi mtengo yeniyeni alikodi. Tanthawuzo la "mankhwala amafotokozera" zambiri umboni, losonkhanitsidwa. Mu chikhalidwe, nyengo ndi mu mawonekedwe a maatomu ufulu kapena mankhwala angongole. Pankhaniyi makhalidwe zinthu chosavuta (particles akaphatikiza) ndi nyengo mankhwala (maatomu akutali a mtundu makamaka) ndi makhalidwe awo.