Amene asayansi anatha kumvetsa hieroglyphics Iguputo? Kodi kumasuliridwa chinsinsi cha hieroglyphics Iguputo?

chitukuko wakale anali wapadera ndi zachinsinsi nzeru, zomwe zambiri anasowa pa nthawi, kapena akutsatiridwa ku manda ndi zopalira. Chimodzi mwa zinsinsi izi zinali hieroglyphs Iguputo. Anthu anali ofunitsitsa kudziŵa chinsinsi chofuna kuipitsa awo kumanda achikumbutsowo izi kwa manda. Koma anakwanitsa kuchita kokha munthu mmodzi. Choncho amene asayansi anatha kumvetsa hieroglyphics Iguputo?

Ndi chiyani icho?

The Iguputo ankakhulupirira kuti zilembo - awa ndi mawu a Mulungu. Iwo amati bwanji ndi chete. Ndiko kuti, iwo anali zolinga zitatu: kulemba ndi kuwerenga, akuti maganizo, ndi njira yofalitsira zinsinsi pakati pa mibadwo.

Pa Ufumu Middle otchulidwa oposa mazana asanu m'gulu zilembo Iguputo. M'nkhaniyi ndi kuchuluka kwa mfundo. chizindikiro chimodzi ankanyamula kudzimva osiyanasiyana.

Komanso, panali zilembo wapadera kuti ntchito ndi ansembe. Iwo adalowa atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena mitundu lingaliro.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, anthu anali chofunika kwambiri kuposa makalata lero. Iwo amatamanda ndi mphamvu zamatsenga.

Rosetta mwala

M'chaka cha 1799 ku Egypt anali ulendo Napoleon a. Pa yokumba kunkhondo ozungulira mzinda wa Rosetta kuchokera pansi anakumba mwala waukulu yokutidwa ndi zilembo zachinsinsi.

mbali chapamwamba wakhala zinadulidwa. Iwo anasunga otchulidwa anakonza mizere khumi ndi zinayi. Ndipo iwo anatulutsidwa kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja, omwe si mmene m'zinenero kalelo.

The gawo pakati padziko mwala nakhala 32 mizere Khalidwe n'kuthamangitsidwa kumanja kupita kumanzere. Iwo anapulumuka kwambiri kwathunthu.

Pansi pa mwala linalembedwa zilembo Chigiriki. Iwo zili mizere 54, koma ndiribe zinasungidwa kwathunthu, chifukwa mwala zinadulidwa ngodya.

alonda Napoleon anazindikira kuti iwo anapanga anthu anatulukira zofunika. zilembo Greek yomweyo anasamutsidwa. Amanena za chisankho kuika ansembe kukhala wolamulira wa Iguputo, Greek Ptolemeya Epifana, kuzungulira fano la mulungu. Ndipo anaika kachisi madyerero masiku a kubadwa kwake ndi inalowa ufumu. Ndiye panali mawu omwe lolembedwa akubwerezedwa hieroglyphics lopatulika la Iguputo ndi zilembo za ziwanda. Amadziwika kuti Ptolemey Epifan analamulira 196 BC. e. kalata ina kumasulira Palibe.

mwala anaikidwa pa Institute Aigupto amene Napoleon anayambitsa pa Cairo. Koma zombo British asilikali French ndipo analimbikitsidwa ku Egypt. mwala Bakuman anaperekedwa kwa British National Museum.

Chinsinsi cha hieroglyphics Aigupto Asayansi chidwi padziko lonse. Koma sizinali zophweka kuti mupeze yankho.

Shapmolon ku Grenoble

Mu December 1790 Ndinabadwa Jacques-Fransua Shampolon. Iye anakula mnyamata mochenjera kwambiri, ankakonda kucheza ndi bukhu mu dzanja lake. Mu zaka zisanu, iye anaphunzitsa zilembo ndi kuwerenga. Pa zaka 9, anali bwino Latin ndi Greek.

Mphale akhali mchimwene Joseph, mokhudza za Egyptology. Abalewo anali kuyendera Pilato, pamene tinaona gulu amtunduwu ku Iguputo, scribbled zilembo zachinsinsi. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Champollion anaganiza kuti adzatsegula chinsinsi cha hieroglyphics Iguputo.

Pa zaka 13 anayamba kuphunzira Chihebri, Arabic, Persian, m'Chikoputiki, ndi Chisansikiriti. Pa maphunziro ake pa Lycée François Ndinalemba kuphunzira za Egypt wa Farao, amene analenga furor.

Ndiye mnyamata inali nthawi yaitali kuphunzira ntchitoyo. Anaona magazini ya Rosetta Stone, umene anachita bwino. Kuti disassemble lililonse khalidwe, kunali koyenera kuti tione mu izo.

Mu 1809, Champollion anakhala katswiri wa mbiri pa University of Grenoble. Koma mu ulamuliro wa Bourbons, iye anachotsedwa izo. M'zaka zovuta za sayansi ndi anagwira akuchepa ndi Rosetta Stone.

Iye anazindikira kuti anthu ali katatu kuposa mawu zachigiriki. Ndiye Champollion anapita kuganiza kuti iwo ndi chikhalidwe makalata. Mu ntchito m'tsogolo, anazindikira kuti ku Iguputo hieroglyphs zilembo lili mitundu itatu.

Yoyamba - zilembo zomwe losema mwala. Iwo akuonetsedwa lalikulu ndi momveka, ndi kuona mokwanira luso.

Mtundu chachiwiri - hieratic makhalidwe athu kuti aimire zilembo chomwecho, koma si monga bwino akusonyezera. The script ntchito pa amtunduwu ndi laimu.

Mtundu wachitatu - zilembo m'Chikoputiki, ongokhala 24 makalata Greek ndi zilembo zisanu ndi ziwiri, zilembo makalata ziwanda.

Nsonga yakale

Tanthauzo la kulemba Aigupto, anathandiza asayansi ntchito zina. Koma panapita zaka kudziwa kugwilizana ndi zilembo hieratic ndi ziwanda.

Kuchokera lolembedwa mu Greek, iye ankadziwa kumene embossed dzina Ptolemeya Epifana, chinenero chimene Mwiguputo wakewu Ptolemayos. Iye anapeza pakati pa zilembo mwala lolingana izo. Kenako m'malo iwo ndi zilembo ndipo anapeza zilembo chifukwa pamwamba pa mwala. Iye anaganiza kuti wakale Aiguputo zambiri zapita za mawu zikumveka, motero dzina la Farao kuwomba osiyana - Ptolmis.

M'nyengo yozizira 1822, Champollion analandira phunziro lina ndi zolembedwa Chigiriki ndiponso Aiguputo. N'zosavuta kuwerenga dzina la Mfumukazi Cleopatra mu gawo Greek ndipo anapeza zizindikiro zoyenera mu zolemba za ku Egypt.

Mofananamo, analemba maina ena - Tiberiyo, Germanicus, Alexander ndi Domitian. Koma anadabwa kuti palibe maina Aigupto pakati pawo. Ndiye iye anaganiza kuti maina a olamulira akunja, ndi kwa Farao zizindikiro phonetic sizigwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mu September 1822 wasayansi analandira buku la zolemba pa makoma a kachisi wa Ramses II. Mosiyana m'kalata yake kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro phonetic, iye anayesa kuthetsa dzina pa chizindikiro. Choncho, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, iye ali nawo P-TH-TH ndi c. Ngati inu kuwonjezera pa mavawelo, timapeza Ramses. Anagundidwa ndi mfundo imeneyi. Kusankha njira iyi kuwerenga, iye ali mmodzi Thutmose. Pang'onopang'ono, zilembo akufa ndi moyo.

Zinali anapeza zosaneneka. kulemba Igupto anali kulira!

Wasayansi mofulumira m'bale wake kulengeza anapeza wake. Koma, kufuula kuti: "Ndinaona kuti!" Kukomoka. Pafupifupi sabata anagona watopa.

Chakumapeto September, Champollion analengeza anatulukira pa zosaneneka za French Academy of Sciences. Nkhondo ndi kupambana kwa Farao, za moyo wa anthu a dziko, anauza hieroglyphs Iguputo. Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti anatsegula gawo latsopano Egyptology.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake Champollion

Champollion - amene asayansi anatha kumvetsa hieroglyphs Aigupto, sikunalekere pamenepo. Iye anapita ku Italy kwa zinthu zatsopano, chifukwa mu dziko lino anali mapepala ambiri Iguputo.

Nditabwerera ku Italy, wasayansi yatulusa ntchito chofotokoza malamulo a chinenero wakale wa Egypt, munali hieroglyphics Aigupto, chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti amene anali chifukwa cha moyo wake.

Mu 1822, Champollion anatsogolera ulendo ku dziko la mapiramidi. Anali maloto ake akale. Anagundidwa ndi ukulu wa kachisi wa Hatshepsut, Dendera ndi Saqqara. Zolemba, akuonetsedwa pa makoma awo, anawerenga mosavuta.

Kubwerera ku Iguputo, katswiri, anasankhidwa ku French Academy. Iye wakhala konsekonse losadziwika. Koma ndinkasangalala ulemerero wa si yaitali kwambiri. Okhawo amene anatha kumvetsa kwa asayansi hieroglyphs Aigupto, anamwalira mu March 1832. Zikwi za anthu anadza kunena tiwonana kwa iye. Iye anaikidwa pa Pere Lachaise manda.

zilembo Igupto

chaka A pambuyo pa imfa ya mbale wake, wasayansi zafalitsa ntchito atsopano, munali hieroglyphics Aigupto ndi kusinthika.

Poyamba, kalata Aigupto anatsika ku zinthu yosavuta sewero. Kuti ndi mawu ukufanizidwa ndi chitsanzo chimodzi lonse. Ndiye, kuyandikira zitsulo ali phokoso amene amapanga mawu. Koma Aigupto wakale sanalembe mavawelo. Choncho, mawu osiyanasiyana NTHAWI zambiri hieroglyph wina. Kusiyana awo qualifiers apadera amene ankachitika padziko munthuyo.

Kulemba Egypt inkakhala mawu, phokoso ndi zilembo attributive. zizindikiro phokoso inkakhala zilembo zingapo. Otchulidwa, wopangidwa mwa kalata imodzi, panali 24. kokha Iwo anali ndi zilembo ntchito kulemba maina yachilendo. Zonsezi anadziwika pambuyo kumasuliridwa chinsinsi cha hieroglyphics Iguputo.

Alembi a Egypt

Aiguputo ntchito amtunduwu kulemba. Zimayambira zomera unadulidwa lengthwise ndi kuyalidwa kuti m'mbali awo pang'ono anapeza mzake. Choncho kumalumikiza zigawo zingapo ndipo wothinikizidwa. Mbali chomera anaonera kadamsanayu mzake ntchito madzi awo.

kulemba lidzawotchedwa wakuthwa nkhuni. Aliyense mlembi anali Wand wake. Letters anapangidwa mitundu iwiri. Black utoto ankagwiritsa ntchito lemba zazikulu, ndi wofiira - monga pachiyambi cha mzere.

Alembi anakonza sukulu. Zinali yapamwamba ntchito.

Champollion zambiri moyo

Pakufa Iyeyo amene kuwerenga hieroglyphs Igupto, iye anali nkhawa kupitiriza kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha Iguputo. Mu nthawi yathu, dera limeneli allocated mu sayansi osiyana. Tsopano akuphunziridwa mabuku, chipembedzo, mbiri ya chitukuko ichi.

Apa ife kuyankha funso limene asayansi anapeza kuti kumvetsa hieroglyphics Iguputo. Masiku ano, ofufuza masiku ano ufulu kugwira ntchito ndi magwero chachikulu. Ndiyamika Champollion dziko lachinsinsi la chitukuko wakale amanyamula chotchinga cha zinsinsi chaka chilichonse.

Woyang'anira wa Literature Ancient Igupto

Thoth ankalambira Aigupto monga woyang'anira mabuku. Iye ankatchedwa "mlembi wa milungu." Chiwerengero cha Iguputo ankakhulupirira kuti iye anatulukira zilembo.

Komanso apeza zinthu zambiri m'munda wa nyenyezi, alchemy ndi mankhwala. Plato zimachitika kwa wolowa a chitukuko Atlantean kufotokoza kuti chidziwitso chake chodzipereka.