Ntchito ya madzi a m'magazi Kakhungu selo

The plasma Kakhungu - zamadzimadzi bilayer ndi Integrated mu mapuloteni ake makulidwe, njira ion, ndi tinthu cholandilira. Izi chotchinga makina umene umawalekanitsa ndi cytoplasm kwa danga pericellular, nthawi yomweyo pokhala kulankhulana kokha ndi chilengedwe kunja. Ndipo chifukwa cytolemma ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kwa selo, ndipo ntchito zake kuwalola kulibe ndi kucheza ndi magulu ena selo.

The chithunzithunzi cha ntchito tsitolemmy

The plasma Kakhungu mu mawonekedwe chimene chili mwa selo nyama, yodziwika kwa kuchuluka kwa zamoyo kuchokera maufumu osiyana. Mabakiteriya mogwirizana, zomwe thupi lake ndi selo limodzi lokha, ndi Kakhungu cytoplasmic. Ndipo nyama, bowa ndi zomera monga zamoyo multicellular sanasiye mu njira ya kusanduka. Komabe, maufumu osiyanasiyana zamoyo tsitolemmy yosiyana, ngakhale ntchito yake akadali yemweyo. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: kugawaniza, zoyendera ndiponso kulankhulana.

Gulu kugawa ntchito monga chitetezo makina maselo, kukhalabe kake, chitetezo ku sing'anga extracellular. zoyendera Kakhungu chimagwira ntchito gulu ndi kukhalapo kwa mapulotini zenizeni, njira ion ndi onyamula ena zinthu. Ndi ntchito tsitolemmy kukambirana zofunika kunyamula cholandilira. Pa pamwamba Kakhungu cholandilira maofesi akaphatikiza alipo mwa amene maselo zimakhudzidwa humoral njira zambiri kutengerapo. Komabe, nkofunika kuti cytolemma paliponse osati khungu, komanso ena organelles ake membranous. Mu iwo, iye atenge mbali mofanana pa nkhani ya foni lonse.

chotchinga ntchito

Tifotokozereni ntchito ya plasma Kakhungu angapo. Kumatetezera chilengedwe mkati selo ndi ndende alipo wa mankhwala zinthu pa kusintha kwake. Mu njira ya mayamwidwe ndondomeko zikachitika, i.e. kudziletsa kusintha ndende pakati pa TV ndi zili zosiyana zinthu zina. Plasmolemma chabe watsekedwa ndi yopewera mayamwidwe wa panopa madzimadzi ndi ayoni mu njira zonse. Choncho, Kakhungu ndi kukuchepetsa ndi cytoplasm ndi ndende ina ya electrolyte ku malo pericellular.

Mawu yachiwiri chotchinga ntchito ya Kakhungu plasma - adziteteze kwa zinthu mwamphamvu acidic ndi amphamvu zamchere. Plasmolemma anamanga m'njira kuti malekezero a hydrophobic mamolekyulu zamadzimadzi maso kunja. Chifukwa kawirikawiri amasiyanitsa okhudza maselo ambiri komanso atolankhani extracellular ndi zizindikiro zosiyana pH. M'pofunika ntchito foni.

Tifotokozereni ntchito ya nembanemba ndi organelle

Tifotokozereni ntchito ya Kakhungu plasma ndi osiyana chifukwa iwo amadalira malo ake. Makamaka karyotheca, mwachitsanzo zamadzimadzi bilayer pachimake, kuteteza kuti zisaonongeke makina ndi chilengedwe nawo ku cytoplasmic nyukiliya. Komanso ankakhulupirira kuti karyotheca ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi nembanemba wa reticulum endoplasmic. Chifukwa dongosolo lonse imatengedwa logwirizana monga zapamwamba za uthengawu ku maselo, dongosolo mapuloteni synthesizing ndi kusinthidwa limodzi posttranslational la tinthu mapuloteni. Nembanemba Intaneti cytoplasmic kofunika kukhalabe mawonekedwe a ngalande okhudza maselo ambiri zoyendera kudzera amene kusuntha mapuloteni, zamadzimadzi ndi zimam'patsa mamolekyulu.

Kakhungu kwa mayitirokondiriyoni amateteza mitochondria ndi plastid - chloroplasts. Lysosomal Kakhungu komanso amachita monga pheretsa: mkati lysosomes chilengedwe aukali pH ndi njira yogwira mpweya zimene zingasokoneze nyumba mwa selo, ngati pali chinamulowerera. Kakhungu ndi chotchinga chilengedwe, nthawi yomweyo zololera ndi lysosomes kuti "kupukusa" particles olimba ndi zimasokoneza malo a zochita za michere.

Lopangidwa ntchito plasmolemma

Ntchito makina a nembanemba plasma ndi si yunifolomu. Choyamba, cytolemma amakhala mawonekedwe selo. Chachiwiri, zimasokoneza deformability maselo, koma samaletsa kusintha mawonekedwe ndi flowability. Pa nthawi yomweyo kulimbitsa Kakhungu ndi n'zothekanso. Izi zimachitika chifukwa mapangidwe maselo makoma protists, mabakiteriya zomera ndi bowa. Nyama, kuphatikizapo mitundu anthu, khoma selo ndi losavuta ndi ankaimira yekha glycocalyx.

Akanika, izo glycoprotein zomera - mapadi, bowa - chitin. Diatoms ndi kwathunthu anaikapo mu selo mpanda wake wa silika (pakachitsulo okusayidi), zomwe kwambiri kumawonjezera mawotchi mphamvu ndi kukana maselo. Ndipo khoma lililonse thupi selo tikuzifuna ichi. cytolemma A iyoyomwe mphamvu m'munsi kwambiri kuposa wosanjikiza proteoglycans, mapadi kapena chitin. Mu tsitolemmy kuti n'chofunikira makina, mopanda kukaika.

Komanso, ntchito makina a nembanemba plasma kulola mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, phata ndi endoplasmic reticulum ntchito mwa maselo kuteteza motsutsana kuwonongeka subthreshold. Ndi khalidwe kwa khungu ndi aliyense deta membranous organelles. Komanso, plasma Kakhungu ndi cytoplasmic protuberances, amene kwaiye ojambula selo foni. chitsanzo cha ntchito makina a nembanemba plasma. Udindo woteteza nembanemba ndi anaonetsetsa komanso chifukwa kukana zachilengedwe ndi fluidity ya zamadzimadzi bilayer.

Wochezeka ntchito ya Kakhungu cytoplasmic

Mwa ntchito kulankhula muyenera kukhala zoyendera ndi phwando. makhalidwe awiri awa enieni kwa plasma Kakhungu ndi karyotheca. Nembanemba organelle sikuti ndi maselo, kapena wamuloŵerera. njira zoyendera ndi pa karyotheca ndi tsitolemmy formations awa. Izi zimachitika awo kukhazikitsa ntchito deta kulankhulana.

Transport chitakwaniritsidwa mwa zifukwa ziwiri: zolowa mphamvu, ndiye njira yogwira, ndipo popanda mtengo, zosavuta mayamwidwe. Komabe, selo mukhoza kuchita zinthu ndi phagocytosis kapena pinocytosis. Izi ikukwaniritsa wogonjetsa mtambo wa madzi kapena particles olimba protrusions cytoplasm. Ndiye khungu ngati dzanja kumvetsetsa tinthu kapena droplet madzi, kukoka lake mkati ndi kupanga padziko wosanjikiza cytoplasmic.

zoyendera yogwira, mayamwidwe

zoyendera yogwira - ichi ndi chitsanzo cha kusankha mayamwidwe electrolytes ndi zakudya. Via njira yeniyeni umaimiridwa ndi zedi wapangidwa subunits angapo, thunthu kapena ion hydrated likulowerera mu cytoplasm lapansi. Yona kusintha Zoyenereza ndi zakudya ndi kuwonjezekeredwa mu unyolo kagayidwe kachakudya. Ndipo zonse mwa ntchitozo mu Kakhungu plasma selo mwakhama zimathandiza kuti kukula ndi chitukuko.

zamadzimadzi sungunuka

maselo kwambiri kusiyanitsidwa, mwachitsanzo, mantha, endocrine kapena minofu, ion njira ntchito deta kupanga Zoyenereza kanthu ndipo ena onse. Iwo aumbike chifukwa kusiyana osmotic ndi electrochemical ndi nsalu anakonza luso kuotcha, kapena kupanga ndi zonyamula zimachitika kulabadira chizindikiro kapena kupatsira iwo. Izi ndi njira zofunika kwa kupatsana zambiri pakati pa maselo, zomwe tikuphunzira lamulo mantha a ntchito za chamoyo wonse. Awa ndi maonekedwe a plasma Kakhungu maselo nyama kupereka lamulo ntchito yofunika, chitetezo ndi mayendedwe a chamoyo wonse.

Ena zinthu akhoza ndi chiyani mkatikati mwa Kakhungu, koma ndi mmene okha mamolekyulu lipophilic la tinthu mafuta-sungunuka. Amangoika kupasuka mu bilayer nembanemba, mosavuta kulowa cytoplasm lapansi. Izi limagwirira zoyendera khalidwe mahomoni steroid. A dongosolo mahomoni peputayidi amalephera mkatikati mwa Kakhungu, komanso kupereka selo zambiri. Izi zimatheka chifukwa kukhalapo kwa cholandilira padziko plasmolemma (yofunika) mamolekyulu. Okhudzana njira amuzolengedwa wa transduction mbendera phata pamodzi ndi limagwirira wa malowedwe mwachindunji zinthu mwa Kakhungu zamadzimadzi ndi chosavuta dongosolo humoral lamulo. Ndi zinthu zonse izi yofunika plasma Kakhungu mapuloteni ndi zofunika osati kwa Gawo limodzi ndi lonse chamoyo.

Table ntchito cytoplasmic Kakhungu

Njira odziwika kuunikila ntchito za Kakhungu plasma - tebulo lomwe lili udindo wake kwachilengedwenso kwa selo wonse.

tebulo ikusonyeza kuti amene ntchito zimagwiridwa ndi nembanemba plasma. Komabe, udindo awa ankaimba ndi kokha selo nembanemba, mwachitsanzo zamadzimadzi bilayer lozungulira maselo onse. Mkati pali organelles, amenenso ali Kakhungu. udindo wawo ayenera mu mawonekedwe a tchati.

Ntchito za Kakhungu plasma: chiwembu

Pamaso pa nembanemba selo zotsatirazi organelles osiyana: phata, waukali ndiponso yosalala endoplasmic reticulum, zida Golgi, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes. Aliyense wa organelles awa, Kakhungu imathandiza kwambiri. Taganizirani chitsanzo cha zingakhale tabular chiwembu.

The nembanemba maselo nyama

Awa ndi ntchito za plasma nembanemba wa khungu, kumene amagwira ntchito yofunika kwa wina organelle. Komanso, ambiri mwa ntchito kwa pamodzi mu umodzi - chitetezo. Makamaka, chotchinga ntchito makina amaphatikiza zozitetezera. Komanso, ntchito za plasma Kakhungu mu selo mbewu ali pafupifupi zofanana anthu nyama ndi bakiteriya.

Animal selo ndi zovuta kwambiri ndi kwambiri kusiyanitsidwa. Pali zambiri Integrated, poluintegralnyh ndi pamwamba mapuloteni. Ambiri, mu zamoyo multicellular nthawi zonse zovuta Kakhungu dongosolo kuposa zokhala ndi selo imodzi. Ndipo zimene ambiri plasma Kakhungu maselo enieni kumene kumatsimikizira kaya ndi nkhani zaminyewa ndi minofu connective kapena okonda.