Makalasi a mankhwala zochita kupanga

Kukamba kupitiriza la chilamulo zodziwitsa ndi gulu la mankhwala zochita kupanga. Monga gulu la zinthu okha, gulu la mankhwala zowoneka zimaonekera dongosolo zodziwitsa ndi Choncho, yoyenera ndi cholinga EBP.

Makalasi chofunika kwambiri mankhwala zochita kupanga: salt, oxides, zidulo, zapansi (hydroxides).

Gulu la zinthu kwambiri facilitates ndondomeko ya maphunziro. Ndithu chabe nalo katundu wa oimira munthu wa magulu osiyana, ngati mukudziwa mmene katundu mankhwala a kalasi kusanthula kale.

Makalasi a mankhwala zochita kupanga: oxides

Oxides - mankhwala a zinthu ndi oxygenic, amene iwowa ndi Ufumuyo atomu ya mchitidwe wa. Pafupifupi onse zinthu kupatula atatu inert - oxides mawonekedwe - Argon, Helium, Neon.

Makalasi a mankhwala zochita kupanga: oxides hydrates

Ambiri oxides mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji ndi madzi kupanga mankhwala amene ayitanidwa oxides hydrates kapena hydroxides. Gidrokisida zikuchokera anasonyeza mwa ambiri chilinganizo E (o) ×, mmene E - mfundo ndipamene hydroxide ndi, X - limasonyeza mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu okusayidi ziwalo.

Malinga ndi mankhwala a hydroxides mchitidwe ogaŵikana hydrates oxides zofunika (m'munsi), amphoteric okusayidi hydrates (hydroxides wa amphoteric), hydrates, oxides asidi (acid). Hydroxide ndiwe wa gulu la mankhwala odziŵika Kusinthaku amafotokozera mu dongosolo nthawi, zomwe zimabweretsa kulimbikira wachibale wa kugwirizana pakati pa amafotokozera ndi oxygenic - pa dzanja limodzi pakati oxygenic hydrogenous ndi - pa ena.

Makalasi a mankhwala zochita kupanga: zidulo

zidulo monga mankhwala amene amakhala ndi maatomu angapo wa hydrogen okhoza kuti pokhala kupanga zitsulo salt. Gulu maatomu zotsalira pambuyo pogawanikana pamawere ndi asidi molekyulu maatomu wa hydrogen anatchula asidi zotsalira.

Makalasi a mankhwala zochita kupanga: salt

Salt katundu sankaoneka ngati maatomu tsankho kapena wathunthu m'malo a hydrogen ndi maatomu chitsulo kapena HA magulu zapansi pa zatsalira acidic. Nthawi zina haidrojeni mu zidulo akhoza m'malo, osati zitsulo, komanso magulu ena a maatomu omwe mlandu zabwino (cations). Malinga ndi kapangidwe ndi katundu mchere ndi wosiyana mu mitundu zotsatirazi: m'maderawo zofunika, sing'anga, zovuta.

Zikutanthauza (yachibadwa) mchere anapanga chifukwa cha wathunthu M'MALO zidulo haidrojeni maatomu a zitsulo (cation), kapena magulu hydroxyl pa acidic malo zatsalira. The makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la mlandu zitsulo ndi moiety asidi ayenera kudziwa kuti athe molondola kulenga chilinganizo salt sing'anga. Iwo mumangike mu magawo oterowo kuti mchere ndi electrically ndale.

The salt asidi akamagwira tsankho m'malo maatomu mu hydrogel zidulo pa zitsulo. The salt asidi anapanga okha asidi polybasic. The ndondomeko ya salt asidi wa ndiyo njira monga salt sing'anga: anatsimikiza cationic mlandu ndi zotsalira chidulo, ndi particles ali pamodzi mu chiŵerengero kuti popanda kuphwanya mfundo za mamolekyulu electroneutrality.

salt Basic akamagwira tsankho m'malo magulu HA wa zapansi kapena hydroxides wa amphoteric pa zatsalira acid. Chilinganizo salt zofunika zigwirizana zatsalira mnogokislotnyh zapansi kapena hydroxides amphoteric amene pang'ono anataya magulu hydroxyl, ndi zatsalira acid. Monga Mabaibulo m'mbuyomo ayenera kutsatira mfundo chosalowerera ndale magetsi.