Edvard Dzhenner: yonena, zithunzi ndi Zokwaniritsa

Nthomba - wakale kwambiri ndi matenda oopsa. Anthu amene amakhala matenda, anamwalira. chiwerengero cha anthu amene sali anayesedwa mu zikwi, ndi wafikira anthu mamiliyoni. Matendawa kwambiri, wodwala akudwala malungo, thupi lake linali ndi zamafinya zinangoti matuza. Amene anali ndi mafuno abwino kwa kupulumuka chinali chovuta: anthu ambiri ataya akuona, zipsera anaphimba thupi. Sing'anga Edvard Dzhenner anali munthu amene anapulumutsa dziko ku matenda. Choyamba anadzipereka katemera.

Edvard Dzhenner. mbiri yamoyo ndi maphunziro

Mu May 1749 mu UK, m'tauni ya Berkeley, wansembe wa dzina Jenner anabadwa ana 3, iye anapatsidwa dzina Edward. Chilakolako kutsatira mapazi a bambo wake ndi wansembe ku mnyamata sanali. Choncho, zaka 12, iye anayamba kuphunzira mankhwala, iye anaphunzira ku dokotala wa.

Patapita kanthawi iye anayamba kuphunzira thunthu la munthu, ndipo anayamba kuchita mu chipatala.

Mu 1770, mnyamata anasamukira ku London, kumene iye anali akutha kumaliza digiri zachipatala. Iye anagwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi dokotalayo wotchuka anatomist, amene anamuthandiza kuti adziwe subtleties onse kwakukuru opaleshoni. Mnyamata chidwi osati mankhwala, komanso sayansi, naturalistika.

Edvard Dzhenner mu 1792 analandira digiri zachipatala, amene anapatsa kwa University St. Andrew.

Ndili ndi zaka 32, anali ndi mbiri ya dokotala woyenera. adakwaniritsa lalikulu akuti ndi kuyambitsa kwa katemera amene amalenga asanazolowere nthomba.

Izi sizikutanthauza kuti iye anatulukira yokha katemera, kuyambira mchitidwe nthomba katemera ku odwala wathanzi patsogolo. Ndondomeko unkatchedwa "variolation", izo unachitikira si nthawi zonse bwino: kawirikawiri anthu mwakayakaya pambuyo pa inoculation. Edward anali katemera ngati mwana mu njira iyi ndipo nthawi anafesa.

Chidwi chake pa ntchito malangizo amenewa zikhulupiriro wosazindikira anthu osaphunzira kuti ngati kudwala cowpox, matenda amene amakhudza anthu salinso wowopsa.

Iye experimentally, zochokera yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale ataonedwa kuti wamba sanalakwitse. Ntchito ankadya, iye anagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake yonse kufufuza.

Mu 1796, Edvard Dzhenner, chithunzi cha zimene zili m'nkhani ino ali anaika mnyamata wa zaka eyiti zinthu zimene wachotsedwa ndi cowpox pustule.

Kuyesa inayenda bwino, wasayansi anapitiriza ntchito yake.

Mu 1823, wasayansi sanali.

kuzindikira lonse

Wasayansi bwinobwino kuphunzira zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo awo ndiponso atapereka iwo mu kabuku, amene inafalitsidwa mu 1798. Patapita kanthawi inalembedwera mapepala wina 5 pa nkhani ya katemera. Cholinga cha wasayansi anali kufalitsa nzeru za Katemera ndi maphunziro zida zake.

Chifukwa chachikulu sing'anga-asayansi apeza kuzindikira lonse. Iye anakhala membala aulemu wa magulu ambiri sayansi Europe.

Mu 1840 variolation inaletsedwa ku UK. Mu 1853, katemera ntchito vaccinia anakhala lamulo kwa njira zonse.

ofesi aulemu

Mu 1803 idamangidwa pa Institute of nthomba katemera, lomwe limatchedwanso Dzhennerovsky Institute ndi Royal Society Dzhennerovskoe. Mautumiki ake m'dziko Edvard Dzhenner anaikidwa wotsogolera woyamba wa anayambitsa. malo Pambuyo moyo.

Mu 1806 wasayansi analandira mphoto kwa boma - mapaundi 10 zikwi, mu 1808 ina imene anakwana mapaundi 20 chikwi.

Mu 1813, Jenner anali kupereka mlingo wa Doctor of Medicine, izo zinali mu Oxford. Wasayansi wakhala dzina lake ndi nzika aulemu wa London, iye anali kupereka dipuloma, chokongoletsedwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali.

Russian Mfumukazi Maria Feodorovna, nthawi yopita Ofesi ya Mfumukazi Maria, yemwe anali woyang'anira wa mabungwe onse sayansi ndi mankhwala ndi kusamalira thanzi lathu, Jenner kalata kuthokoza ndi mphete wapatali.

Polemekeza wasayansi wamkulu wa nthawi Mendulo anagwidwa, mawu "Jenner" chinali pa izo.

Akamanena za kuyesa wasayansi

Edward Entoni Dzhenner anakaikira nthawi yaitali kuchita chiyesedwe cha chiphunzitso chake. Statement on zinachitikira kugwira iye sakanakhoza mwana kudwala nthomba pambuyo kulephera kwa inoculation.

Asayansi zonse adzazunzidwa kukayikira ngati amalimba mtima zokwanira chiphunzitso wake pachiswe moyo wa munthu.

Pamene mlimi Nelms anadwala cowpox, ndiye iye anayamba matuza pa khungu la manja. Jenner anatenga mwayi ndi poona nkhani za botolo limodzi asanu ndi atatu chaka James Phipps. Iye anali chiopsezo chachikulu, chifukwa kuti mnyamata anali kudwala cowpox, zinali osakwanira. Kutsimikiza chiphunzitso, kunali kofunika kuwononga zina nthomba ake.

Edward ankadziwa kuti ngati mwanayo akamwalira, moyo wake, inunso, sadzatero.

Pambuyo mwana atachitidwa ku ng'ombe, wasayansi anamuphunzitsa nthomba anthu. Ngakhale kuti manja onse wodwala tapangidwa amacheka mosamala acimbadzoza nkhani ya chiphe, sanayankhe. Ichi chimatanthauza kuti zimenezo unali wopambana: kuyamika Jenner Phipps anakhala zimakumana nthomba, yemwe ali mmodzi wa matenda koipa. Ngakhale mwana, sankadziwa kufunika kwa zinthu ndi udindo.

Scientist kutikonda kwambiri James, ankamukonda ngati mwana wake. Pa tsiku la chikumbutso cha 20 cha buku la mudziwe zimenezo, asayansi anapereka Phipps nyumba ndi munda, umene anabzala zambiri maluwa.

Chiyambi cha dzina "katemera"

Katemera anakhazikitsa wasayansi, katemera wakhala dzina lake monga "Vacca" latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Latin zikutanthauza "ng'ombe". Mawuwa kotero mwamphamvu adalowa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuti lero katemera iliyonse yomwe ikuchitika ngati muyeso njira, wotchedwa mawu. Aliri, anamasuliridwa kuti "korovizatsiya," koma zimenezo sizitanthauza kuti katemera kukonzekera ntchito chitetezo cha nyama imeneyi. Pankhani ya matenda a chiwewe, mwachitsanzo, chopangidwa kuchokera ku kachilombo kalulu ubongo. Ngati enaake a pakhungu - kuchokera minofu m'mapapo mwanga wa mbewa.

otsutsa Jenner

Ngakhale ukulu onse kutsegula, chinali chiyambi chabe njira zaminga. Asayansi kubwera kuvutika kusamvetsetsa, kuzunzidwa. Ngakhale asayansi m'nthawi sanamvetse iye, natembenukira kwa wasayansi ndi pempho kusasiya mbiri ya sayansi. Ngakhale pamene anali pachiyambi, nthawi zambiri nawo ndi anzake maganizo ake, ngati iye anali munthu sociable. Koma palibe m'modzi adagawa zofuna zake.

Buku Chake chimene anatisonyeza zotsatira za maphunziro mu zaka 25 zomalizira za moyo wake Jenner, anafalitsa ndalama zawo.

Edvard Dzhenner ndi otsatira ake sizinayende akhala bwino analandira, pambuyo anafalitsa buku lake, iye anakumana ndi zambiri wafunsa ku adiresi wake. Mfundo yaikulu ya otsutsa katemera wakhala kuti njira motsutsana ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu. Manyuzipepala lofalitsidwa ndi zojambula, zimene anthu amene akhala katemera, anakula nyanga ndi ubweya.

Koma matenda akubwera, ndipo ambiri a anthu mofulumira kuyesa njira Jenner kudziteteza ku izo.

M'zaka za m'ma 18 mochedwa, katemera anamugwiritsa ntchito English bulu ndi asilikali.

Napoleon Bonaparte analamula katemera wa asilikali onse a asilikali French. Mu Sicily, pamene iye anafika ndi katemera, anthu anali wokondwa kupulumutsidwa ku matenda, amene anakonza kumanda.

kupewa njira. English dokotala Edvard Dzhenner

Nthomba - mmodzi wa matenda mgulu yayenda. Limodzi ndi pali chikasu malungo, mliri, kolera. HIV imafalikira ndi m'malovu airborne, kudzera zinthu. Iye likulowerera epithelium, chifukwa cha ichi, thovu anapanga pa khungu. The chitetezo wodwalayo yafupika, kotero akuyamba zamafinya zinangoti thovu kuti isanduke zilonda. Ngati wodwala umapulumuka, zidzakhala pa malo a zilonda zipsera.

Edvard Dzhenner - woyambitsa wa nthomba katemera, amene anachita chotheka kuti adziteteze ku kuopseza kudwala. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya sayansi Nthomba inali nthenda woyamba amene anali wokhoza kuti apambane mothandizidwa ndi katemera.

1977 Chaka kunayamba mlandu wotsiriza wa matenda a nthomba. WHO ananena kugonjetsa matenda padziko lonse May 1980. Pakali pano, kachilombo koyambitsa nthomba anali kokha mu Laboratories bwino kulondera.

Kachilombo koyambitsa nthomba zimatetezedwa ku zigawenga. Akanati anabedwa, zotsatira zake zingakhale choopsa chifukwa sifikira zotsatira za mankhwala ndi katemera nthawi yaitali si ikuchitika.

dokotala chipilala

Nthomba anafa 1/6 milandu onse, ngati anabwera ana wamng'ono, amafa anali 1/3. Choncho, chifukwa wasayansi anali yosatheka kuneneka.

Edvard Dzhenner, amene yonena kuti tsiku, lomwe ambiri, imatengedwa bambo wa immunology. Polemekeza iye Kensington Gardens ku malo kwabasi, wotchedwa "Italy Gardens" ndi chipilala. Iwo anakulira 1862. Phale, lomwe limanena za nyota za sayansi wakhala wokhala ndi mpanda mu msewu mu 1996.

Anthu ambiri sadziwa tanthauzo la anapeza wasayansi lapansi. Malinga ndi akatswiri, munthu uyu chakupulumutsa anthu ambiri zedi.

Dzina la sayansi dzina lake misewu, m'madipatimenti mu zipatala, m'matauni ndi m'midzi. Mu nyumba kumene ntchito ntchito, m'nyumbayi ndi lotseguka.

Asayansi ntchito pa chipilala kuti William Calder Marshall. Poyamba, iye anali pa Trafalgar Square, koma patatha zaka zinayi kuti anasamukira ku paki chifukwa cha zionetsero za kutsekeredwa vaccinations.

Pakali pano, tsiku madokotala ndi asayansi linakhazikitsa ntchito yapadera yomwe akuyesera kuti abwerere chipilala pa lalikulu. Malinga ndi akatswiri, anthu zionetsero ndi vaccinations, sitikudziwa mantha onse a matenda monga nthomba.

moyo

Scientist tinakwatirana mu 1788, anagula malo mu Berkeley. Mkazi wake anali amadwaladwala, kotero banja anakhala chilimwe mu Cheltenham Spa. dokotala anali kwambiri mchitidwewu. Iye anali ndi ana 3.

atulukira ena a sayansi ya

Ambiri a moyo wake sayansi kuti chitukuko cha katemera ndi nthomba. Ngakhale izi, koma analinso ndi nthawi kuthana ndi matenda ena. Iye ndi wa anapeza kuti angina - ndi matenda imagwira mitsempha inatsekeratu. A mtsempha wamagazi inatsekeratu zimadalira kotunga magazi minofu mtima.