Mina nyanja (chithunzi)

Mina nyanja ndi kudzikonda zili chipangizo zachiwawa anaikidwa madzi kuti kuwononga kapena chiwonongeko cha hulls ngalawa, sitima zankhondo, mabwato, mabwato ophera nsomba ndiponso watercraft ena. Mosiyana milandu kuya migodi ali "tulo" kwa boma mpaka kukhudzana ndi chotengera broadside. migodi Naval angagwiritsidwe ntchito ntchito kuwonongeka mwachindunji kwa mdani ndi kungafoole kayendedwe ake malangizo njira. Mu malamulo adziko lonse lapansi, kuchititsa wanga malamulo nkhondo anakhazikitsa 8 1907 Hague Convention.

Gawo

migodi nyanja ali m'magulu malinga ndi muyezo zotsatirazi:

• Mtundu mlandu - zonse, wapadera (nyukiliya).
• Mlingo wa selectivity - alipidwa (kwa cholinga chilichonse), kusankha (kuzindikira makhalidwe a chotengeracho).
• Manageability - lotengeka (by waya, lamayimbidwe, wailesi), unguided.
• Multiplicities - angapo (anakonzeratu chiwerengero cha zolinga), si angapo.
• Mtundu lama fuyusi - osakhala kukhudzana (inductive, hydrodynamic, lamayimbidwe, maginito), kukhudzana (mlongoti, magetsi &) pamodzi.
• Mtundu wa unsembe - homing (oponya), Pop, kusambira, pansi, nangula.

Mines zambiri anamaliza kapena chowulungika mawonekedwe (kupatulapo mamita-torpedoes) zamitundu kuchokera mita theka mamita 6 (kapena zambiri) awiri. Nangula yodziwika ndi mlandu wa makilogalamu mpaka 350, pansi - mpaka matani a.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Kwa nthawi yoyamba migodi m'nyanja ntchito ndi Chinese m'zaka 14. Kupanga iwo wosavuta: madzi tarred mbiya ya onga, zimene zinachititsa kuti chingwe kuti imayendetsedwa padziko zimatengedwa ndi. Amafuna ntchito pa nthawi yoyenera potentha chingwe cha. Kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba kuitsatira ili kale mu Mfundo za m'ma 16 mu China chomwecho, koma monga blaster ndi ntchito ndi zambiri zamakono flintlock limagwirira. migodi Kukweza ntchito yolimbana ndi achifwamba Japanese.

Ku Ulaya, woyamba panyanja wanga anayamba kupanga mu 1574 ndi England Ralph Rabbardsom. patapita zaka, ndi munthu wa ku Netherlands Cornelis Drebbel, amene ankatumikira mu Dipatimenti Ordnance mu England, anapereka kupanga osamveka "crackers akuyandama."

chitukuko American

A dongosolo moona yoopsa udaikidwa mu United States pa nkhondo ufulu David Bushnell (1777). N'chimodzimodzinso ufa keg, koma zida ndi limagwirira kuti detonate mu kuwombana alumikizana sitimayo.

Mkati mwa nkhondo Civil (1861) mu United States ndi Alfred Vaud anatulukira kawiri-hulled akuyandama wanga nyanja. Dzina kusankha oyenera ake - "infernal makina". thunthu zachiwawa kuyikidwa mu yamphamvu chitsulo, yomwe ili pansi pa madzi, amene anali akuyandama pamwamba pa mbiya matabwa, pa nthawi yomweyo anali ngati zimatengedwa ndi detonator.

zochitika za m'banja

Kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi lama fuyusi magetsi kuti "makina infernal" inatulukiridwa ndi Russian injiniya Paulo Schilling mu 1812. Pa kuzinga zinalephereka wa Kronstadt, ndi Anglo-French zombo (1854) mu Crimea nkhondo lalikulu kutsimikiziridwa panyanja wanga kapangidwe Jacobi ndi Nobel. poyera "makina infernal" mazana khumi ndi asanu osati zikumangidwa pansi kayendedwe ka zombo mdani, koma ali atatu akulu steamship British anali kuonongeka.

Mina Jacobi-Nobel adzalandira chibadidwe buoyancy (kudzera zipinda mpweya) ndi osafunika mu zoyandama lapansi. Zimenezi zathandiza kukhazikitsa mobisa mu madzi, atapachikidwa pa unyolo, kapena kulola otaya.

Kenako mwakhama ntchito spheroconical akuyandama wanga, umachitika pa akuya anakhumba ndi yaing'ono unobtrusive buoy kapena nangula. Poyamba ntchito Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1877-1878 gg.) Ndipo anaima pa zombo zida patsogolo china m'ma 1960.

nangula wanga

Amakhulupirira pa zinafunika kuya nangula mapeto - chingwe. Pritaplivanie zitsanzo choyamba Buku kusintha kwa kutalika chingwe, yomwe inkafuna nthawi yambiri. Mkulu Azarov akufuna kapangidwe amalola kuti basi kukhazikitsa migodi nyanja.

chipangizo anali okonzeka ndi dongosolo la katundu otsogolera inaimitsidwa pamwamba anangula katundu. Nangula mzere ndi chilonda kumtunda ng'oma ndi. Mchikakamizo cha katundu ndi nangula ng'oma yamasulidwa mabuleki, ndipo mapeto kanthu kwa ng'oma ndi. Pamene katundu umalandira pansi, mphamvu kukoka mapeto a wotsikirapo ndi ng'oma pakamwapo, umene ndi "infernal makina" anamira mozama lolingana mtunda kuchokera katundu kwa nangula.

Chiyambi cha XX atumwi

Massively migodi nyanja zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zaka mazana makumi awiri. Pa ankhonya Kupanduka ku China (1899-1901 gg.) Asilikali Imperial ncho mtsinje Hayfe, kuphimba njira Beijing. The nkhondo zanga choyamba zinachitika Chirasha Japanese atasemphana mu 1905, pamene onsewo zikukangalika ntchito misa-munapanga zotchinga ndi anatulukira wa minefields ntchito trawlers.

Zimenezi zakhala chitidwe mu World Choyamba. German panyanja migodi chinalepheretsa ankafika la asilikali British ndi asalankhule zochita za zombo Russian. Sitima zankhondo ncho zamalonda, kumalo ndipo m'mavuto. Adani sanakhale ngongole, pafupifupi kudula Germany ku North Sea zotuluka (izi anatenga 70 000 Mph). Chiwerengero cha "makina infernal" ntchito ndi akatswiri Akuti pa mayunitsi 235.000.

migodi nyanja ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World

Pa nkhondo zisudzo panyanja cha nkhondoyi padziko migodi miliyoni amasulidwa, kuphatikizapo madzi a Soviet Union - oposa 160 000. Germany inakhazikitsidwa zida za imfa mu nyanja, nyanja, mitsinje, ayezi mu Nyanja Kara ndi malire m'munsi mwa ob Mtsinje. Kuthawa, mdani ncho doko berths, anawazunza ndi doko. Makamaka nkhanza anali nkhondo anga Nyanja Baltic, kumene ku Germany kokha mu Gulf wa Finland anaperekedwa oposa 70 000 zidutswa.

Chifukwa cha mabomba wanga Amira za 8,000 zombo ndi ziwiya. Komanso, zikwi zombo zinawonongeka kwambiri. Mu madzi European ali kale mu nthawi unawonongedwa m'migodi nyanja anali litaphulitsidwa zombo 558, 290 amene anali kumizidwa. Pa tsiku loyamba la nkhondo wowonongayo Baltic zokula "anakwiya" ndi cruiser "limakhulupirira Gorky".

migodi German

Akatswiri German pa chiyambi cha nkhondo adani anadabwa ndi mitundu latsopano mkulu-dzuwa la migodi ndi lama fuyusi maginito. Mina nyanja analiza osati kwa oyandikana. chombo chinali chokwanira kusambira pafupi mokwanila mlandu wakupha. Ake mantha yoweyula zokwanira chisokonezo bolodi. zombo kuonongeka anafunika kusiya ntchito ndipo anabwerera kwa kukonza.

Yakusatetezeka bwanji zombo English. Churchill panokha anaika patsogolo apamwamba ndi kukhala dongosolo ofanana ndi kupeza njira kuchotsa mabomba, koma akatswiri British sanathe kuvumbulutsa zachisinsi umisiri chinsinsi. Zinafika mwangozi. Wina kubwera mphindi ndege German munakhala mu matope m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kunapezeka kuti limagwirira ndi zachiwawa anali m'malo ovuta ndi zochokera maginito ya Earth. Research wathandiza kulenga minesweepers ogwira.

migodi Soviet

Soviet panyanja migodi sikudali kutero zipangizo zambiri zamakono, koma palibe sakhala ogwira. Makamaka ntchito chitsanzo CB "Nkhanu" ndi AG. "Nkhanu" anali nangula wanga. CB-1 pa mikono anatengera mu 1931, mu 1940 - akweza KB-3. Anaikira minefields misa, onse pa kutaya zombo kuti chiyambi cha nkhondo panali 8,000 mayunitsi. Ndi kutalika mamita 2 ndi kulemera ndi matani oposa 230 wagawo akugwirizira mabomba kg.

Mina mlongoti kwambiri (AG) ankagwiritsa ntchito sitima zankhondo kusefukira kwa madzi komanso zombo, komanso movutikira navigation a zombo mdani. Ndipotu anali kusinthidwa wa CB kwa zipangizo mlongoti. Pamene kuphana atakhala m'nyanjamo pakati tinyanga ziwiri zamkuwa angaimbidwenso angathe magetsi. Pamene inu kukhudza mlongoti casing wa sitima zapamadzi kapena zotumiza bwino kuthekera ndi akusokoneza, kuchititsa kutsekedwa kwa lama fuyusi magetsi dera. wanga wina "kulamulira" mamita 60 danga. makhalidwe General zogwirizana ndi chitsanzo CB. Kenako mkuwa mlongoti (zofuna makilogalamu 30 chitsulo chabwinocho) m'malo ndi chitsulo mankhwala akuti AGSB analandira. anthu ochepa mukudziwa dzina la nyanja wanga chitsanzo AGSB: mlongoti kwambiri zitsulo tinyanga ndi zida, anasonkhana ku amodzi umodzi.

anga chilolezo

Patapita zaka 70 mabomba panyanja ya World Chachiwiri akadali loopsa kwa Company mtendere. ambiri a iwo ali penapake mu kuya kwa nyanja ya Baltic. Mpaka 1945,% 7 kokha mabomba anali defused, ndipo ena anatenga khumi oopsa ntchito kuchotseratu mabomba.

Katundu yaikulu ya kulimbana ndi mgodi anagona pa ndodo ya ngalawa, minesweepers mu zaka unawonongedwa. Only mu Soviet Union kuti anali nawo za 2,000 trawlers mpaka 100 000 a ogwira. Mlingo wa chiopsezo kunali mkulu chifukwa cha zinthu zonse otsutsana:

• malire sakudziwika wa minefields;
• unsembe osiyana kuya Mph;
• kutayipa mphindi (nangula, mlongoti, ndi misampha, pansi noncontact ndi zipangizo cangu ndi multiplicity);
• zotheka umagawanika ouluka migodi.

luso trawling

Trawling njira sanali wangwiro ndi woopsa. Pa chiopsezo litaphulitsidwa ndi mabomba, zombo anadutsa minefield ndipo anasolola pa trawl. Choncho nthawi zonse nkhawa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku kuyembekezera kuphulika wakupha.

Trawl undercut ndi panabukanso wanga (ngati si chakumene pansi chombo kapena trawl a) ziyenera kuwonongeka. Mu nyanja akhakula kuika woyang'anira zosokoneza. Kumapangitsa migodi ake otetezeka kuphedwa kwa mfuti panyanja, ngati pali zambiri likule anamulasa wanga chipolopolo popanda wokhudza lama fuyusi. Ouluka wanga asilikali kugona pansi, woimira latsopano, salinso amenable kuti Kupha ngozi.

Pomaliza

Naval ine, chithunzi kuti cholinga mantha chimodzi chokha view akadali aakulu, woopsa, ndi zida zotsika mtengo. Zipangizo akhala kwambiri "wanzeru" ndi wamphamvu kwambiri. Pali zochitika ndi mlandu anakhazikitsa nyukiliya. Kuwonjezera mitundu imeneyi, pali towed, Shestov, propelling, kudzikonda injini ndi ena "makina infernal."