"Moskva" chida cruiser. Alonda chida cruiser "Moskva" - pa flagship ya Black Sea zombo

Kuyambira kale, anthu mwambo, kuti zombo ake anali mwapadera amphamvu ndi wolemera boma. Izi makamaka imakhudzanso Zombo Zankhondo, amene ntchito nthawi zonse ndalama mtengo kwambiri. Masiku ano, mawu amenewa Ndizoona. Zombo - magalimoto kwambiri mtengo, kotero kukhala ndi mndandanda amazipanga kwalimbitsa kutchuka mayiko a boma, lomwe ali nalo.

Ngakhale zokwera ndi zotsika za mma 1990, dziko athu anatha kusunga bulu wake. Pakali pano, pang'ono ndi pang'ono kukodzedwa ndi modernized. Mwatsoka, ndondomeko izi pang'onopang'ono, ndi chifukwa zombo achita m'Mphamvu mwamsanga zaka lotsiriza la USSR, zidakali ndi tanthauzo kwambiri. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi -. "Moscow" Chida cruiser ndi dzina ichi chikuyimira yoopsa mphamvu kukula kwa nyanja.

mfundo zofunika

mwayi wake ndi kulankhula osachepera dzina limene linaperekedwa kwa iye amalinyero - "ndege chonyamulira wakupha". Ndi osati flagship dziko lonse la Black Sea zombo, komanso la zombo wamphamvu kwambiri mu fleets onse Russia. Home doko - Sevastopol. Black Sea zombo za zochitika odziwika nazo zochuluka za mavuto, monga ndi mbali Chiyukireniya zonse tinakambirana za pangano la. Tsopano izi zonse sikuthandiza.

Anamanga "Moscow" (chida cruiser, kumene) anali mu mzinda wa Nikolayev. Poyamba, chombo anapatsidwa dzina "Ulemerero."

Pangano, ndi kutumidwa

cruiser Ichi ndi kholo chinthu asilikali 1164 "Atlas". Kamodzi zikuchokera kwa Soviet Navy anali amene anapuma pantchito odana ndi sitima zapamadzi ngalawa "Moscow" (zinalengedwa ndi 1123), mtsogoleri tsogolo la yomweyo nalo dzina lake. cholinga chake chachikulu anali pomwepo akulimbana kupha sitima zazikulu Nkosatheka mdani (mwachitsanzo, ndege onyamula), odziteteza mpweya ndi moto m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuphimba ankafika awo.

Pamene unayamba mu "Moscow" opareshoni? Chida cruiser m'madzi mwamsanga 1982, koma ntchito yake mwalamulo kuyamba mpaka 1983.

Kodi iye anakhala, zimene wotchuka cruiser?

malo ake akuluakulu a utumiki kunali Nyanja Mediterranean. Mobwerezabwereza "Moscow" m'zimene madoko mayiko onse amene kugombe izo amatsuka. Pamene msonkhano zinachitika Mihaila Gorbacheva ndi George mu December 1989 pachilumba cha Malta Chitsamba Choyaka (okalamba, kumene), izi ndi sitimayo poonetsetsa kuti chitetezo cha msonkhano wonse.

Wamakono, ntchito nkhondowo

Mu 1990 GRKR "Moscow" anabwerera Mykolayiv kwawo kwa wamakono. Ndicho chifukwa cha kugwa kwa USSR zinatha ndendende 8.5 zaka, ndi 13 May 1998 anapatsidwa mbendera latsopano ndi mbendera ya dziko latsopano. Komanso pa nthawi yomweyo ya Black Sea zombo kulondera chombo kuchotsedwa "Red Caucasus", limene "Moscow" walandira komanso mutu wa alonda.

Mu 2003, panali mwambo limene GRKR "Moscow" woyamba kunawalira padziko lonse kuyambira m'nthawi ya Soviet Union. Tikulankhula za "Indra" Zochita imene inali kuchitidwa ichitikire Nyanja Black, Pacific zombo ndi Bulu wochezeka India. Patatha chaka chimodzi iye anachita nawo womberani "IONIEKS-2004", lomwe inachitika ichitikire ndi Italy. Chiyambi cha 2008 anakumana mu Mediterranean ku kampani ndege chonyamulira "asilikali a zombo za Soviet Union Kuznetsov", ndi zombo zake m'munsili.

Mu August 2008, Black Sea zombo mu nkhope ya "Moscow" anatenga gawo mu ntchito ya kukakamiza Georgia mtendere, pamene madzi a Ossetia. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chamawa ine nawo zochitika mwambo wodzipereka ku chikumbutso cha chivomezi choopsa chimene chinachitika ku Sicily zaka zana zapitazo. Ndiye, patachitika ya mfumu apanyanja oyendetsa nawo mwachangu.

Mtengo wa "Moscow" kwa Bulu la Chitaganya cha Russian

Ambiri, zombo, dzina limene linali dzina la likulu la bomali, nthawi zonse Kukhwimitsa. Ndinali nazonso, ndi "Moscow". Chida cruiser mobwerezabwereza zatengedwa pa bolodi anthu amphamvu kwambiri kwa USSR ndi mayiko ena. Komabe, sanaleke boma latsopano la dziko kumayambiriro 1990s kuganizira kutumiza chombo ichi kwa zidutswa.

Ife sindikunena kanthu, cruiser kwazaka zisanu ndi zitatu ndipo zaka theka anaima pa m'matangadza mu Nikolaevsk mpaka kupereka zovuta kuchedwa malamulo. Mwamwayi, kusema chotengera zitsulo siyikuperekedwa, ndi Black Sea zombo sanataye mtsogoleri wake lodziwika bwino.

Kufunika

Cha m'ma 1990s chotsatirapo cha "chuma ndalama" ndi "kuchepetsa ndalama" mawailesi zoweta zambiri kuvutika nkhondo lonse. "Akatswiri" yaitali ndipo akusiyana maganizo kwambiri pankhani, ndipo kaya ndi dziko chombo nkofunika. Ambiri ankakhulupirira kuti kusunga Nyanja Black cruiser izi ndi disadvantageous ku mfundo chuma view, kupereka "kukupezani" iye mu zone ya udindo wa Pacific zombo. Iwo amachirikiza adani achilendo. Iwo mwamtheradi chidwi ndi mfundo yakuti "wakupha ndege onyamula" adzasenza ntchito yake mu madzi awa.

August 2008 anasonyeza bwanji dziko likusowa "Moscow". Alonda chida cruiser anali yekhayo "waukulu mawu," kumene anali NATO yosankha totupa. Tsopano zimenezi sakuvomereza kukumbukira, koma pa "masiku asanu nkhondo" mu Nyanja Black anali nambala yaikulu zombo za mgwirizano. Koma Moscow (likulu) n'zodabwitsa omasuka maganizo zimene zikuchitika.

yankho linali losavuta: chida cruiser "Atlanta" ntchito mosavuta kupanga freeboard gulu lonse la zombo NATO kwa zidutswa. Zonse izi bwinobwino, choncho anakhalabe ngati chosalowerera ndale zida.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

Kodi polojekiti anaonekera chida cruiser Russia 1164? Sitima yoyamba kalasi anali encrypted dzina "Aurora", ndi chitukuko anatenga pakati 70 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Poyamba, mlengi akulu anali ovomerezeka ndi Alexander Perkov, koma kenako zimenezo V. Mutihin. Kuyambira Navy kuona yoikidwiratu A. Blinov, mkulu wa udindo wachiwiri.

Pamaso pa gulu kapangidwe anali kwenikweni sanali zazing'ono ntchito. chakuti asilikali anali ankafunika osati kalasi lolingana wa Zombo Zankhondo, koma mosalekeza kumenyana makina amene akhoza kupereka monga m'dera odana ndege chitetezo cha m'dera m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi kukhala gawo la chitetezo chofanana, pamodzi ndi mizere dhuzi na gombe ya malinga.

Komabe, ndi okonza zovuta kwambiri kupirira kwakukuru. Iwo anatenga TACHIMATA nkhondowo ulemerero zovuta S-300, izo analenga Baibulo la chombo (akhoza kusiyana ndi kalata "F"), anapereka kwa galimoto latsopano. zida zimenezi kupitiriza mwachangu mkulu ndi chimathandiza chikhulupiriro chokwanira kusonyeza kuukira mpweya pa zombo Black Sea zombo.

njira Kodi luso akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito?

Zambiri mu "Atlanta" chimagwiritsidwa ntchito njira bwino kutsimikiziridwa ku ntchito 1134B zombo. Kumene, angapo a iwo kukonzedwa, koma waukulu luso m'munsi anakhalabe wopanda kusintha kwakukulu. Ndi nthawi kuti inamangidwa zombo isanu ndi iwiri ya polojekiti 1134B, amene muli dzina lakuti "Boukari" mu apanyanja. Ndi nthawi iyi mmaudindo ndekha "Kerch", amenenso mbali ya Black Sea ilibe la Russia.

Waukulu mwatsatanetsatane makhalidwe a "Moscow"

Kusamutsidwa chotengera izi zazikulu ndi 11 500 matani. The okwana kutalika kwa ngalawayo ndi wofanana ndi mamita 186. Ndi m'lifupi mamita 21 kutalika kwake - mamita 42,5. N'zosadabwitsa matope ndi m'mlengalenga kotero chidwi ndi mamita 8.5. The pazipita kukwaniritsa liwiro (tidzakambirana zambiri za izi kenako) - mfundo 32, mwachizolowezi Inde - 16 mfundo. Monga zomera mphamvu kuchita anayi mpweya chopangira mphamvu zida, mphamvu ya omwe ali 22.500 malita. a. Chotengera zoyenda kupereka awiri basi injini.

Ngati ife kulankhula za liwiro 16 mfundo ndiye pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, ndi yoyenda yokha ikuthamanga osiyanasiyana 6000 kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi miles (kutanthauziridwa mu dongosolo chinkafunika - 12 000 km). Koma nthawi, kusowa chakudya chimodzimodzi mwezi umodzi avtonomki. Gulu la anthu 510, chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira nkhondowo akhoza zochuluka. Kuti muthandize ndi nzeru ntchito Mipikisano cholinga ndege Ka 27, ankafika malo lili kutsogolo.

Kuweta mudziwe luso

zombo zonse "Atlas" ntchito analandira watsopano kwathunthu dongosolo mpweya chopangira mphamvu zosagwiritsa, m'modzi osati zosagwiritsa injini pa chilichonse kutsinde, koma atavala afterburning powerplants. Ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito watsopano njira luso, pamene kutentha kwa Motors kupita kutentha kuchira dera (TCA). Iwo atatembenuzidwa madzi mu nthunzi, yomwe imazungulira wothandiza chopangira mphamvu powerplant.

Izi anapereka mwayi waukulu. Ngakhale mu njira ya ikuthamanga pa 18 mfundo mafuta dzuwa chawonjezeka ndi 12%. liwiro Top ntchito injini onse tsopano nkhani zochuluka monga 32 mfundo kuti zombo za ku kalasi ili pafupi mbiri.

thupi Features

Blinov, kuona kwa yapamadzi, zimatheka ndi njira luso okonza, mmene makulidwe a pafupifupi mbali zonse za thupi ali osachepera 8 millimeters. Mwa njira kulankhula zinali zambiri chofunika cha iwo wokha. Chifukwa ichi amadziona bwanji, awa Russian zombo nkhondo yodziwika ndi durability mkulu. Koma zonse ali downside ake: chifukwa ntchito kapangidwe njira kusamutsidwa (poyerekeza ndi polojekiti 1134B zombo) mwakula ndi 28%.

Mu chilungamo tisaiwale kuti kufanizitsa kwa makina amenewa si zolondola kwambiri mfundo. Mfundo zimenezi Zombo Zankhondo Russian ndi zombo antisubmarine ofanana zokha mu maonekedwe ndi ena mwa njira luso.

Poyamba, "Moscow" ndipo ena "Atlanta" Amuna onyamula ndi mivi P-500 "Basalt". Dongosolo moto ulamuliro - "Argon". Poyamba, zombo 16 mivi yotereyi. Iwo anali wokwera pa migodi wophatikizidwa eyiti ili sitimayo chapamwamba. Ilo linasinthidwa kuti P-1000 "Volcano" Mu zina mivi kukulitsa cholowa. miyala iyi liziwomba mipherezero pa mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 700.

Ndizosowa machitidwe nkhondowo

Dongosolo moto ulamuliro amalola nkhondowo ntchito mode, kuphatikizapo imodzi nthawi chiyambi (kukunda cholinga chimodzi) la mivi yonse 16. Mwa njira kulankhula salvo izi sikungakuthandizeni chonyamulira uliwonse mu dziko. Kodi izi Zombo Zankhondo m'madzi ndi ndondomeko ya mipherezero Pa imalankhula losatha? Ndi yosavuta: kaya kwa makina kapena ndege Lachiwiri 95, kapena kupyolera ntchito ya dongosolo yakeyake nzeru ndi kutsata.

Anti-ndege armament cruiser

Kuti bwino kusonyeza kuukira mpweya m'chombocho yakwera awiri basi SAMs. Choyamba, P-300F, gulu kapena anafuna zonal dongosolo mpweya chitetezo. Lachiwiri, "Osa-M" lakonzedwa okha kusonyeza kuukira ndege, Helicopters ndi mivi mdani m'ngalawamo yokha.

Pakuti S-300F ndi itatu yokha launchers zoikamo ng'oma mtundu, kulola kuti apange ndi mwamsanga recharge ndi Launch ntchito. Iwo anayikidwa mu malo ya sitimayo chapamwamba ndipo aft wa cruiser lapansi. Mosavuta kusamalira ndondomeko ya kukulozani ndi kutsata, Rada wapadera m'gulu machitidwe panyanja mfuti. Maonekedwe ake ndi mlongoti, anapanga pa "phased lomenyera".

Monga tanena kale, sitima adziteteze ntchito zovuta "Osa-M", amene amalola kuti atiyankha kugunda mipherezero pa mtunda wa pafupi khumi makilomita. Iwo wapangidwa ndi awiri PU (ndi dongosolo homing kugwira ntchito mu ndege ziwiri). Mosiyana ndi zombo akulu adziteteze zida alinso mwini ulamuliro dongosolo lawo. The zipolopolo okwana maofesi awiri Sam "mavu" ndi chimodzimodzi 48 mivi. Choncho, S-300 64 munition anapereka.

Zina dongosolo odana ndi ndege

Koma kuti zimenezi kwa odana ndege cruisers satanthauza. Kupanga izo mowona multifunctional nkhondowo wagawo, m'gulu kamangidwe ka chilengedwe (amathanso kuwombera pa onshore ndi zipangizo zikawonongeka) 130 mamilimita Unit (basi, kumene), AK 130. Kumapangitsanso nchito zake, ndi lathunthu zochitika za makina ounikira kudziwika "Mkango."

Mwazina, m'chombo ali batire lonse 30 mamilimita sikisi mbiya mfuti AK-630M. Batire - makhazikitsidwe awiri, omwe umalamulidwa ndi dongosolo chiongoko ndi chandamale kutsatira "pennant". Udindo wa airspace pafupi chombo, komanso ntchito yobweretsa zambiri pa bolodi odana ndege armament udindo Rada "Flag" wapangidwa awiri makhazikitsidwe ena Rada monga: "Frigate" ndi "Kutuluka dzuwa". tinyanga awo sankalimbana nafe wokwera pa fore- ndi waukulu-masts "wakupha ndege onyamula."

polimbana ndi sitima zankhondo mdani

okonza Soviet sitinaiwale mmene yoopsa mdani akhale sitima zankhondo. Ngakhale mantha specialization cruiser otetezedwa bwino kwa iwo: pali bwino kutsimikiziridwa sonar zovuta "Platinum", limene lili ndi mlongoti towed ndi bulbous. Amalimbana mwachindunji mwa sitima zankhondo mdani anapereka awiri basi 533 mm chipangizo kukhazikitsa torpedoes.

Mosiyana, awiri RBU-6000 unsembe (chida ndi bomba) monga nthawi lakonzedwa kuteteza sitima ndi oponya volleys la mdani.

Cacikulu ziyenera a zombo zonse za polojekiti

Total a "Atlas" ntchito zachokera pa zombo zinayi. ntchito anapereka atatu okha. Aliyense wa zombo panopa mu utumiki. Iwo akutumikira pa Nyanja Black, Pacific ndi fleets kumpoto. Mfundo za "Atlas" ntchito kunapezeka kwenikweni woyenera ndi angawakonde zotsutsana ndi mtundu 1144 "Orlan" akalambula. Project Court mu 1164 anali zochepa kwambiri kusamutsidwa, koma armament kunalibe poipa, ndipo nthawi zambiri kuposa akapolo anzawo akale.

Komanso, ngakhale pamene kulenga patsogolo anapatsidwa zida zolawula. Ngakhale zili choncho, cruisers latsopano ndi zofooka zokwanira. Motero, "Orlan" ntchito pa sitima 96 anali mivi kwa S-300, pamene "Atlantis" zidutswa 64 okha. Komanso, Sam "Osa-M 'kale njira yabwino zombo adziteteze kuukira mpweya, koma pa nthawi ya cruisers awo mwayi ndi bwino sikokwanira. Potsiriza, pa zombo Project 1144 panali 16 chabe PU "zigawenga".

Choncho, Project 1164 cruisers mwangwiro akukumana zofunikira za chiphunzitso mochedwa Soviet pa ntchito ya Navy pamene Zombo Zankhondo, pakutoma, kutumiza kunkhondo pokhapokha ngati ali odalirika mpweya chivundikirocho. Mwatsoka, zikuchitika tsopano lino limafanana amenewa chiphunzitso zoipa. Izo Sizotheka kuti ateteze odalirika zombo mpweya, choncho n'kofunika kwambiri kuti chitetezo awo mpweya chitetezo.

The zovuta waukulu wa ziwiya ntchito

The drawback kwambiri (kupatula mokoma tafotokozazi) ndi pamaso pa chimodzi chokha multichannel Rada ( "aziweyulira") anafuna zolinga nsinga ndi malangizo m'gulu la C-300 zovuta. Komanso, ngati wagawo kulephera chombo pafupifupi mwathunthu wotaya kwambiri kapena zochepa chokwanira chitetezo kwa adani ochokera mpweya, "Wave" Mwina salingalira kuukira ndi malangizo kuposa wina. Ngati ife kulankhula za America ofanana cruisers (anamanga pansi polojekiti "Ticonderoga"), pamenepo aliyense wa iwo yakwera anayi (!) Independent Rada kuti angathe kukuthandizani kunyamula ndi kuwombera pansi mipherezero pa amadzibisa angapo.

Choncho, pamaso pa siteshoni imodzi yokha Rada osati amatembenuza "Atlanta" mu chandamale mosavuta chifukwa omenyana mdani imeneyo, komanso kuvumbitsira woopsa kwambiri odana NATO mizinga, umene pa zaka posachedwapa akusonyeza mwayi waukulu m'munda wa kuukira Mipikisano m'makalata.

Awa ndi zombo akhazikitsidwa mu mzinda wa Nikolayev. Doko la zombo zapanyanja panopa osati pa malire a dziko lina, komanso osasamalika, kotero kuti pali bwalo ndi chodziwikiratu kuti amangidwe. udzathetsa makampani chitetezo zoweta, amene adzatha kukhazikitsa kumanga chinachake chonga izo.