Mayeso milu: zimene milandu m'pofunika, njira ntchito

Mu drafting kunyumba iliyonse, mwa zina, ayenera kumatanthauza ndi zimene adzakhala maziko ake. Species Pali zifukwa zingapo nyumba. Pa nthawi yomweyo yodalirika mtundu wa maziko imatengedwa mulu. Akuika nyumba ngati zambiri pa dothi ndi zobala mphamvu osauka. Pa nthawi yomweyo chinakula milu pansi kufika zigawo wandiweyani. njira umatha kukhala bata pazipita ndipo kumatha kuthekera patsogolo, motero wovulala nyumba katundu mwankhanza. Pamaso pomanga zapansi wa mtundu uwu nthawi zambiri opangidwa ndi ndondomeko monga milu mayeso. Anachita maphwando amenewo zoletsedwa ndi malamulo kumatanthauza SNIP ndi GOST.

ndi mulu mazikowo

Kwa nthawi yoyamba maziko a mtundu zinamangidwa pansi nyumba 1838. Ntchito ngati maziko poyamba anali yekha ntchito yomanga nyumba pa madzi ndi malo m'madambo. Kenako anayamba kuika milu pansi m'nyumba mu zone Madzi oundana ndi dothi osati amphamvu kwambiri. Mu nthawi yathu, maziko a mtundu akhoza kumangidwa kuphatikizapo malo otsetsereka.

Pa mtima ntchito yomanga maziko a chithandizo ndi yaitali, makamaka wotchedwa milu, chikugwirizana ndi grillage yopingasa. Yotsirizira ikhoza kukhala yothandizira konkire slab, ndi tepi. Nthaka zogwiriziza, malingana zinalengedwera, kapena kukhomerera kapena tili m'mavuto.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa maziko mulu

Milu, njira ya mayesero munda amene ali osiyana, anapangidwa yekha wa zakuthupi cholimba kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri chitsulo kapena analimbitsa simenti. Ubwino waukulu maziko mulu ndi:

• Angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa nthaka wosakhazikika;

• azigwira zinthu zonse nyengo;

• mtengo wotsika;

• digiri yapamwamba ya kudalirika.

Komanso mwayi wa maziko amenewa akuphatikizapo chakuti nyumbayi anamangidwira pa iwo amachita chiyani chosafooka. Kuperewera pa maziko mulu ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Koma iwo anachita, ndithudi, alipo. The kuipa zapansi amenewa akuphatikizapo makamaka:

• kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zina zapadera pomanga;

• Kulephela zonse pansi pa nyumba chapansi.

umisiri Ofunika kudziŵa zimakhudza mphamvu

Pamaso pomanga mabungwe maziko projecting, mwa zina, umakhala ndi magawo monga m'mimba mwake ndi kutalika kwa milu ya. Eni ayenera choyamba, kumene, adzatsekeredwa kugwira kukonza. Koma nthawi yomweyo pomanga maziko muyenera kuyesetsa kupewa ndalama zosafunika.

Pofuna kudziwa mmene ndi osiyana chitetezo malire kapena kuti thandizo angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana:

• masamu mawerengedwe, kutenga nkhani zofunika za SNIP;

• malo amodzi mayeso a milu wotopetsa ndi zitsulo;

• zazikulu mayeso.

The njira ziwiri zapitazi mu mayeso wina wotchedwa milu ya nthaka. Kugwira njira zimenezi kungakhale pa siteji iliyonse ya zomangamanga - pa kafukufuku, kapangidwe, mwa kumiza zipilala ndi zina zotero ..

Nthawi zambiri, mtima wa kuchitira mphamvu zogwiriziza umachitika nthawi imodzi ndi mawerengedwe a kukana kwawo, monga kachitidwe, ndi kuyezetsa. Komanso, maziko ndi laling'ono kwambiri pa mfundo analandira. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti pamapeto pake kumanga maziko ambiri olimba. njira yeniyeni ya mayesero milu munda zambiri anasankhidwa malingana zikuchokera nthaka.

chilinganizo SNIP

Njira imeneyi kudziwa mlingo wa maganizo mulu kulimbana ndi losavuta kwambiri ndipo zochepa zolondola. Zikuwoneka kubala mphamvu mawerengedwe chilinganizo motere: Fdu = R * A + u * Σ γcf ∙ wi ∙ H, m'mene:

• R - nthaka kulimbikira zikuchokera makamaka pansi yekhayo (anatsimikiza ndi gome);

• A - Malo mulu m'munsi;

• wi - pafupifupi kukana kufunika thandizo pamwamba lateral (malingana ndi chuma kupanga);

• u - kukafika kutsogolo kwa gawo mtanda wa mulu;

• moni - makulidwe a wosanjikiza dothi.

Pakuti milu zoterozo, m'mimba mwake amene angafikire kwa 1.5 m, kutalika - mpaka 40m pomanga nyumba dothi dongo magawo awa mfundo zotsatirazi:

• R nthaka dongo - 794 kPa.

• A = π ∙ D2 / 4 = 3.14 * 0.8 / 4 = 0.5 m2.

• u = π ∙ D = * 3,14 0,8 = 2,5 m.

• Σ γcf ∙ wi ∙ moni = 222 (anatsimikiza pogwiritsa ntchito tebulo amayamikira zi- ndi moni).

M'malo deta izi mu kachitidwe, n'zotheka kupeza chifukwa ngati Fdu = 794 * 0,5 + 2,5 * 222 = 952 kN = 95,2 m.

Pamene kunali kofunika malo amodzi mayeso milu

Njira imeneyi zimathandiza kudziwa yonyamula mphamvu zogwiriziza molondola monga momwe kungathekere. Komabe, mayesero malo amodzi zambiri ndalama mtengo ndithu. drawback wina wa njira imeneyi akuti ndi chakuti zimatenga nthawi yayitali. Kuyambira chiyambi cha ntchito zotsatira zenizeni ntchito njira amenewa amatenga osachepera sabata. Koma ambiri a nthawi ino ndi nthawi yotalikirapo.

mayesero malo amodzi amakhala yekha pa nkhani ya thandizo lapadera. Mwachitsanzo, mu kulimbitsa maziko a kuopseza kugwa kwa nyumba ya nyumba yakale. Komanso pa njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri anayesedwa dothi dongo. Field mayeso njira ndi milu pamasamba amenewa angagwiritsidwe ntchito zosiyana, kuphatikizapo mphamvu. Koma zokolola malo amodzi akadali zotsatira yodalirika. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi nthaka chochuluka (kuchokera zomangamanga zinyalala) kapena loess.

Kodi malo amodzi mayesero: onse chiwembu

Kudziwa zimakhudza mphamvu milu malinga ndi njira imeneyi ndi kumutsatira limagwirira ntchito zawo malo anasankha - koipa kwa mikhalidwe nthaka wa chinthu. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti zotsatira zolondola kwambiri. Imachitika mayesero munda wa dothi ndi milu ya umisiri malo amodzi mu magawo angapo. thandizo loyamba anathamangitsidwa mu nthaka mlingo ochiritsira. Ndiye iwo apatsidwa kumbali ya masiku 3-20, malingana zikuchokera lapansi. Izi ndi zofunika kuonetsetsa kuti nthaka anachira limasonyeza structural.

Kenako, mayeso mulu mu masiteji (masiteji), komanso kulola kuima, zitadzaza nthawi iliyonse ndi kuyeza pellet pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapadera. The thawed nthaka okwana Kutalika kwa njirayi ndi ambiri za 2 masiku Madzi oundana - za 10. chofunika mayeso milu katundu zikhoza analengedwa ntchito zoikamo:

• ndi Jack hayidiroliki, nangula milu ndi matabwa a dongosolo;

• Galimoto ndi nsanja ntchito ngati kuletsa kuti Jack ndi;

• ndi katundu makokedwe;

• pamodzi.

Komanso, mayesero malo amodzi a milu angathe kupanga ntchito chikoka kunja katundu. Pankhaniyi, zipangizo waukulu ntchito jacks.

preliminaries

Yambani ntchito kudziwa katundu zimakhudza mphamvu ndondomeko malo amodzi monga specifications ndi n'zotheka pokhapokha mphamvu ya milu konkire kufika 75%. AMATHANDIZA chisanadze anayendera pamaso pa tchipisi ndi zilema zina. Ndi kukayezetsa magazi kuzipatala ankaloledwa qualitatively anapanga milu. Ngati ndi kotheka, Mitu yawo nakweza ndi chofukizira kunja. Imawazidwa zina ololedwa kusindikiza osakaniza simenti-mchenga.

Mmodzi wa milu pamaso kuchita mayeso ali okonzeka buku. Pamaso hammering izo, mwa zina, Yang'anani kuwongoka. Komanso mosamala kuyendera malo kugwirizana kwake avale. Zolakwika ku mzere wolunjika kwa zogwiriziza, malinga ndi malamulo, ayenera kukhala apamwamba kuposa 10 mm pa kutalika lonse kapena ndege.

Kuwonjezera kuyenderako, kuyezetsa kumafuna milu ya ntchito imeneyi kukonzekera monga dothi chinyezi wodzala. Ndipotu, dziko motsogozedwa ndi nyumba wouma wotsatira si nthawi zonse. Ndipo chotero, katundu pa mulu mwina kuposa zinthu zachilendo. Pakuti moistening nthaka ndi chiyeso PAD wozungulira zakale ngalande m'lifupi mwake 0,5 mamita ndi akuya 1-1.5 m. Nthawi zina komanso mokhomerera zitsime (kawirikawiri mu kuchuluka kwa ndalama 3). awiri awo zambiri 20 cm. Kuphatikizira ndi wellbore ku malo m'mphepete.

Pa mayeso adzakhala kuonetsetsa kuti madzi m'migodi ndi ngalande sanasiye. The osachepera akuwukha nthawi ya SNP zambiri amatanthauziridwa monga maola 24 pa mita mwakuya. Komabe, chithunzi ichi zingasiyane malingana zikuchokera lapansi.

luso Features

Kuchita zenizeni kumunda mayesero okha milu malo amodzi, onani kuti katundu ofukula amalongosola mmene ndingathere. The precipitate aliyense siteji chimaonekera pogwiritsa ntchito kugawikana mtundu paola 0.01 ndi mamilimita mtengo zizindikiro.

Pamene kuchulukirachulukira mu nthaka amatipeza uka onse kuyesetsa zotakasika. Iwo anadutsa dongosolo la midadada mu milu nangula, zipilala ntchito kulenga unsembe katundu. Control mwa zigawo zimenezi anagwiritsanso kudzera zizindikiro paola. Malinga ndi malamulo, pazipita kololeka mtengo wa kukoka cm 0.2. Zisonyezero zipangizo zonse anaika kwenikweni kuchotsedwa pa chilichonse siteji mayeso. Komanso analembedwa m'kaundula wapadera.

Pamene akupuma zogwiriziza malinga GOST

Monga tanenera kale, isanafike sitepe iliyonse mayeso n'kofunika kuima milu. Pamene akupuma zogwiriziza Mzimuyo GOST. Mayeso nthaka milu kwa ndondomeko malo amodzi imagwiridwa malinga ndi zikuchokera awo. Amene mu nkhani imeneyi, pali ubale angapezeke mu tebulo pansipa.

Kudziwa mtundu wa dothi pa malo a ntchito yomanga nyumba mwa mayesero zasayansi.

Mphamvu mayesero: umene milandu imachitika

Ubwino wa njira ndi mtengo wotsika ndi nthawi yochepa. Komabe, lolondola zotsatira za kuyezetsa wochitachita wa zokolola malo amodzi. Muzicheza iwo nthawi zambiri, ndipo pafupifupi onse malo yaikulu imodzi ndi masamu kubala mphamvu milu. Zipangizo pa nthawi yomweyo nthawi zambiri mofanana chuma mu ntchito ya maziko.

Mphamvu chiyesedwe cha milu: onse chiwembu

Monga ubatizo wa mulu mu nthaka inadzachitika chisindikizo lomaliza. Izi anawonetseredwa mu chakuti pa nthawi imodzi kuya mulu nsonga amachepetsa kulephera. Pomaliza, kuthandizidwa ndi zonse mabasi kulowa pansi. Mphamvu mawerengedwe njira zoona, Ndi kuyesa ikukhudzana kulephera kwa mulu ndi mphamvu zake mwankhanza. Mu mau, tisonyeza zimenezo mwa chilinganizo: G * H = Fu ∙ Sa + G * H + α ∙ G ∙ H, kumene:

• G * H - nyundo ntchito;

• Fu ∙ Sa - ntchito pa madzi ndi;

• α ∙ G ∙ H - ntchito mapindikidwe inelastic;

• G ∙ H - ntchito pa mapindikidwe zotanuka;

• Sa - milu kulephera mamita;

• Fu - zimakhudza katundu Kuchepetsa kukana (KN);

• A - kutembenuka koyefishienti gawo la mphamvu mu kutentha.

Sa chizindikiro nthawi amatanthauziridwa kuti zikutanthauza mulu immersive mndandanda wa zotsatira (4 10). Muyeso kulephera mayeso amathandiza ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana (otkazomera, roleti, dipstick).

milu mayeso nthaka zizichitidwa pompopompo ntchito nyundo katundu wokwanira. chakuti kuwonjezeka ake kulemera ndi kukula ndi lolondola kuwerengetsera.

Pamene mayesero zalembedwa:

• nambala ya nkhonya nyundo;

• kulephera mtengo pambuyo kumiza ndi chizindikiro anakonzeratu;

• suction chiŵerengero (kulephera kulephera pa mulu pa dobivku).

Features kukwaniritsa mayesero zazikulu pa dothi losiyanasiyana

Sand mu ntchito ya umisiri monga kuchulukirachulukira uniformly ting'onoting'ono basi. Pa dothi dongo zimawonedwa ndithu zosiyana. Choyamba, monga mchenga, pali kuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono zolephera. Koma ndi kuya zina za kusintha mlingo mabasi. Nthawi zina ngakhale kuwonjezeka zolephera. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zingaoneke kuti mulu galimoto si kuwonjezera katundu chawo. Komabe, izi si choncho. Yafupika kukana dongo makamaka chifukwa zimakhudza liquefaction ake.

Ndi chifukwa cha mawu amenewa, munda kudziyesa milu ya nthaka m'madera omwe alandirika kugwira njira malo amodzi. Nthawi zina, mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Koma pambuyo liquefaction ayenera kutenga kupuma ku ntchito kwa mlungu umodzi kapena iwiri.

Pa madera mchenga pa mayeso zazikulu nthawi zina ankaona azisiyana. Pambuyo yopuma mulu galimoto kwa kanthawi, zolephera kuyamba kuwonjezera. Izi makamaka chifukwa cha compaction nthaka pansi pa mulu kwenikweni. Pa nkhani imeneyi, malinga ndi mfundo mayesero zazikulu pa malo mchenga masiku atatu pambuyo kuchulukirachulukira, ndi pa dongo - masiku 6.

Kodi ofunika podziwa

Mphamvu chiyesedwe cha milu pa nkhani zina, mwina kusonyeza kwambiri linanena bungwe zimakhudza mphamvu, kapena mosinthanitsa - ndi understated. Izi makamaka chifukwa kapangidwe magawo wa nthaka. Mulu amatha kulowa wandiweyani wosanjikiza ndi kulowa kwambiri lotayirira, kapena mosinthanitsa. Pa mtunda Nthawi zambiri zotsatira zolakwika kusonyeza ngakhale mayeso malo amodzi. N'chifukwa chake musanayambe kugwira ntchito iliyonse pa malo onetsetsani kuchita mokwanira Geological Survey.

Kodi wonditsogolera

Ayesedwe milu zoletsedwa ndi malamulo zotchulidwa zikalata izi:

• GOST 5686-96 "Ntaka. Njira milu mayesero ";

• SNIP 2.02.03-85 "Mulu maziko";

• SNIP 3.02.02-87 "Madziko, earthworks, maziko";

• 50-102-203 SP "zida mapulani mulu maziko";

• GOST 25258-82 "Njira kudziŵa kutentha munda";

• Interstate muyezo kuchita kafukufuku Geological (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation).

Isanafike mayeso malo amodzi ndi ntchito luso ntchitoyi ntchito, komanso zomangamanga akukopeka dongosolo ndiponso gawo miyala. Akamaliza ntchito m'munda ndi pambuyo ndalama ofunitsitsa ndi masamu awiri mulingo woyenera ndi kutalika milu ya.