Manyazi a mafakitale ndi dongo wa USSR: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi mitundu

Soviet zadothi ndi apamwamba ndi yokongola kwambiri. Masiku ano, ambiri a iwo ankasakidwa ndi okhometsa ndi otsutsa luso. Pa gawo la Soviet Union opareshoni ambiri angapo mafakitale kwa yopanga zadothi ndi dothi. Kudziwa za zomera linapangidwa izi kapena kuti nkhani, kudzakuthandizani mtundu.

M'nkhaniyi, tiona mafakitare masitampu zadothi wa USSR. Kodi amaoneka ndi zimene zimasonyeza? Ndipo masitampu izi zasintha pa zaka zonsezi?

Manyazi ndi mitundu yake

liwulo zambiri anachokera ku mawu German Kleim, omwe anamasuliridwa mu Russian monga "guluwu". Manyazi - ndi likutipatsa kuti umagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala kapena mankhwala kudziwa Mlengi.

Brand, ndi lalikulu, ndi "mankhwala", Kutulukira nyengo kapolo. Kale panali mchitidwe chamoto akapolo oipa kapena milandu (mwachitsanzo, kupulumuka pofuna).

Zizindikilo chagwiritsidwa pamwamba mu njira zitatu:

1. Shock (amangoona pa katundu zitsulo).
2. Kutentha.
3. Ntchito utoto.

Manyazi osati amachita ntchito ya chizindikiritso cha katundu. Nthawi zambiri ngati chizindikiro khalidwe la mankhwala makamaka. Mwa njira, ndi mbali amagwirizanitsidwa mawu odziŵika: "Inde inu zidzasowa kuika chizindikiro!". Choncho kunena za anthu ndi zambiri vuto kapena kuperewera.

makampani zadothi ndi chitukuko mu Russia

Zadothi - ndi cholimba kwambiri, kugonjetsedwa matenthedwe ndi mankhwala kukana zinthu, ankagwiritsa ntchito yopanga tableware, zinthu zaluso ndi ena mapulogalamu ena. Kupanga ake, monga ulamuliro, ntchito gwero mchere zinayi: ndi kaolin wa, khwatsi, feldspar, mpira dongo.

Akukhulupirira kuti zadothi "inatulukiridwa" ndi Chinese adakali m'ma VII. Ndipo iwo yaitali anapitiriza Chinsinsi chinsinsi kupanga ake. Only mu 1708, ku Ulaya anakwanitsa kufika zadothi. Patapita zaka zochepa kupanga luso lake likupezeka Russian.

Russia yoyamba portselyanovaya fakitale chinatsegulidwa ku St. Petersburg mu 1744. Manyazi a zadothi fakitale m'nthawi ya Soviet Union kunali achidule ndi mosavuta maonekedwe. Iwo inali makalata atatu zapiringizana asanaganize: "LPF" (Leningrad zadothi Factory). zomera ntchito lero. Komabe, tsopano iye monyada lotchedwa Imperial, komanso nthawi chisanadze chosintha.

Zizindikilo wa USSR ndi mafakitale Russian zadothi: zoyimira ndi makhalidwe

Mu Soviet Union makampani zadothi wakhala anayamba kwambiri. Zamgululi ku dongo (mbale, mafano, Miphika ndi ziwiya zina kunyumba) zinalengedwa mu madera osiyana a dziko. Ndende apamwamba zomera anamuona pa SSR Chiyukireniya, komanso mu gawo European wa SFSR Russian.

Malinga ndi akalozera akale Soviet, 178 mafakitale zadothi analipo mu USSR. Manyazi chinali aliyense wa iwo! Iwo akuonetsedwa kalata kapena machenjerero yosavuta likutipatsa, makamaka nyama. Mwachitsanzo, pa masitampu Gorodnitski zadothi Factory akufotokozedwa akuthamanga nswala, Polonsky - ndi tsekwe woyera, Sinelnikovskuyu - kumeza mu ndege. Mwina sitampu chidwi kwambiri mu Zugdidi mbewu - kavalo pamwamba pa dziko.

Zizindikilo zomera zadothi anawagawa mitundu iwiri: underglaze (anachita pa "yaiwisi" mankhwala) ndi overglaze (vyponyayutsya kuthira glazes kukongoletsa zibaluni). Pali zitatu njira manyazi mankhwala:

• extrusion kulemera yonyowa;
• amaonekera sitampu;
• kujambula chizindikiro pa chotsirizidwa.

Kodi ndikuuzeni manyazi mafakitale zadothi

Manyazi - ndi koposa zonse, chizindikiro cha khalidwe ndi lodalirika la mankhwala, amene anapereka Mlengi. Nthawi zambiri angapezeke pansi pa ware ndi dongo - makapu, mbale, Miphika ndi mafano.

Zizindikilo za mafakitale Soviet zadothi akhoza kukuuzani zambiri za chinthu makamaka. Ndicho chifukwa ili ndi okhometsa yofunika kwambiri kuphunzira "werengani". Pa masitampu Nthawi zambiri zambiri osati za Mlengi, komanso tsiku mankhwala kumasulidwa, monga zadothi zojambulajambula munthu amene utoto ndi zina zotero. D.

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti fakitale omwewo angakhale "zida" a zolemba zimenezi, chifukwa pa zaka manyazi a mafakitale zadothi zambiri zinasintha. Nthawi zina kupitirira kuzindikira. Zonsezi amalenga kwambiri za mavuto mbadwo watsopano wa okhometsa mu ndondomeko chizindikiritso cha mankhwala ena.

Pa masitampu zadothi zambiri kuwona zizindikiro izi: "1-C", "C-2", "3-C". Kodi chiyani? Iwo ndi zizindikiro, zimene angathe kudziwa kalasi ya dongo:

• sitandade (1-C);
• Maphunziro II (C-2);
• kalasi yachitatu (3-C).

Kalasi dongo ndipo nthawi zina amati ntchito mitundu chizindikiro: wofiira - apamwamba khalidwe zosiyanasiyana; buluu - Maphunziro Ine, Green - kwachiwiri ndi wakuda (kapena zofiirira) - kwa wachitatu.

Kenako, ife kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane wotchuka kwambiri mafakitale zadothi la Soviet Union, ndi kusamala makamaka mankhwala awo ndi mtundu.

Leningrad zadothi Factory

Ndi wamkulu ndi chimodzi mwa waukulu mu Russia kupanga amakampani zadothi. Idamangidwa kumbuyo mu 1744. Tsopano mmera otchedwa - Imperial (chidule - IPE).

IPE zadothi oonetsa zingapo zakale odziwika padziko lonse (makamaka mu London, New York, komanso mu Hermitage). Lero, chomera umabala osiyanasiyana mankhwala osiyanasiyana. tiyi Izi akanema, makapu ndi saucers, mafano ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana mkati. wotchuka wakuti "Moscow ndi St. Petersburg china", chosonyeza zokopa waukulu wa mitu iwiri ya dziko makapu, mbale ndi kachikumbutso mabelu.

Manyazi a zadothi fakitale m'nthawi ya Soviet Union anali achidule kwambiri form: atatu zapiringizana makalata "LPF". Lero, zipsera zonse ogwira yopita mphungu emblazoned ndi tsiku malo mbewu ndi Imperial zadothi lolembedwa.

Dmitrov zadothi Factory

Kampaniyi, anakhazikitsidwa mu 1766, ili m'mudzi Verbilki (Taldom chigawo Moscow dera). Lero amatchedwa "zadothi Verbilok".

Mu Soviet Union, Dmitrov mbewu anaika pa nkhani ya kuŵeta wa otsika khalidwe. Komabe, izi fakitale nthawi zadothi opangidwa angapo mphoto yapamwamba mayiko (monga n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi pa chionetsero World ku Paris mu 1937). Today "zadothi Verbilok" - Ndi mmodzi wa atatu mabizinezi zadothi alipo mu Russia.

Manyazi a zadothi fakitale Verbilki kosatheka kuphunzira. Iwo akunena mutu ose ndi kalata "B" mu ngodya m'munsi bwino.

Dulevo fakitale zadothi

Waukulu mu mfundo za ulimi, kampani makampani whiteware mu Russia ano lili mu mzinda Likino-Dulyovo (ndi dera Moscow). Dulevo mbewu unakhazikitsidwa mu 1832. Motsogozedwa ndi wazamalonda luso M. S. Kuznetsova fakitale amamuonera kutchuka lonse ndi kutchuka.

Zamgululi za mbewu mosavuta anazindikira mwa chithunzi yeniyeni luso. Bwino unkagwiritsidwa zolinga za folklore Russian ndi predominance a mitundu lalanje ndi wofiira. Tiyi Khazikitsani "Golden Deer", mwina ntchito kwambiri wa mbewu.

Zizindikilo Dulevo zadothi fakitale mbiri lonse linakhalapo wasintha nthawi 30! Popeza 1962, mtundu dzina la ogwira ntchito ndi chifaniziro mawonekedwe a kabawi a. Komanso, mbalame akhoza "kuyang'ana" onse lamanzere ndi mbali bwino.

Gorodnitsky zadothi Factory

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa wamkulu Chiyukireniya mabungwe ang'onoang'ono makampani whiteware. Chomera inamangidwa 1799 ndi a banja Kalonga Czartoryski. Mwatsoka, kampani potsiriza anatsekedwa 2012. Inali m'mudzi wa Gorodnitsa dera Zhytomyr.

Mu Soviet Union, mbewu opangidwa tableware, waika tiyi ndi mafano zadothi. Pa sitampu akuonetsedwa mankhwala kapena tsekwe kapena makalata atatu: GFZ (pansi pa dzina la chomera).

Polonsky zadothi Factory

Mu theka lachiwiri la XIX makampani m'ma zadothi amayamba kukula mu Podolia (m'dera la Western Ukraine), mothandizidwa ndi m'munsi m'dera gwero - wolemera miyala ya kaolin wa dongo ndipo khwatsi mchenga. Mu 1889, ku Old Town zonse (tsopano Khmelnitsky dera) idamangidwa zomera, amene amayembekezeka kukhala mmodzi wa opanga yaikulu ya dongo mu USSR.

Makamaka wotchuka Polonsky fakitale kubwereketsa Tiziboliboli ambiri. Wotchuka decanter ndi magalasi mu mawonekedwe a nsomba, mwina anali mu banja lililonse ena Soviet. Pa mankhwala Polonsky fakitale zadothi Kawiri kawiri mutha kuona sitampu mu mawonekedwe a tsekwe. Mwatsoka, mu 2008 ku Ukraine makampani zadothi chimphona unatha.