Mankhwala owopsa zinthu - ndi zinthu (ngati Laboratories, mabungwe kapena makampani) amene ali malo osungira, processing, ntchito kapena mtengatenga mankhwala woopsawo zimene zingavulaze thanzi la bliznahodyaschegosya anthu. Komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu amadutsa pa zinthu mankhwala oopsa kuposa mtengo pakhomo, ndipo pa chiwonongeko akhoza anthu, nyama ndi malo ambiri matenda. Mankhwala zinthu zoopsa ndi mankhwala, mafuta kuyenga, nyama ndi mkaka ndi adzasowa chakudya, ndi patsinde ndi kusunga ozizira maofesi ndi ili mu kachitidwe refrigeration, imene amoniya ntchito. Komanso, mankhwala owopsa zinthu - mankhwala madzi ndi zamkati ndi pepala mphero, lomwe m'kupita kwa ntchito yawo ntchito chlorine komanso madoko, okwerera sitima imene pali njira kumene katundu anagubuduza ndi zinthu mankhwala woopsawo. Komanso mtundu wa zinthu amatanthauza mwamtheradi zoyendera iliyonse - zikhale njinga kapena ndege, omwe amanyamula katundu mankhwala owopsa. Mankhwala zinthu zoopsa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa sayansi, zachipatala kapena maphunziro mtundu, amene mankhwala zawo zasayansi. Pano mukhoza kuwonjezera ndi malo, zapansi ndi maofesi ena kuti kusunga mankhwala, ndipo landfills, kumene "mpumulo" zipangizo mankhwala woopsawo ndi zonyansa zina mafakitale. The zambiri anagwiritsa ntchito woopsawo zinthu zidulo (nitric acid sulfuric), sulfide wa hydrogen, amoniya, mpweya disulfide, chlorine ndi zina mankhwala.
Gulu la zinthu mankhwala owopsa angathe kuchitidwa monga muyezo osiyana:
- kawopsedwe;
- chiwerengero;
- kusunga luso mwadzidzidzi mankhwala woopsawo zinthu;
- opanga zinthu (kubala kapena wonyeketsa mwadzidzidzi zinthu mankhwala woopsawo).
zinthu mankhwala oopsa komanso magulu 4.
| makalasi | Chiwerengero cha anthu kulowa zinkakhala m'dera ndi ngozi mankhwala (mu zikwi) | The utali wozungulira wa ukhondo zone chitetezo ozungulira chinthu (mu mamita) | Kuchuluka kwa anthu amene akadali kachilombo m'dera la ananena mankhwala kuipitsidwa |
| 1st | zoposa 75 | 1000 | zoposa 50 |
| 2 | 75-40 | 500 | 50-30 |
| Chachitatu | zosakwana 40 | 300 | 30-10 |
| 4. | 0 | 100 | zosakwana 10 |
Zimaonetseratu zinthu mankhwala owopsa amamuuza si zolimbikitsa otetezedwa. Aliyense mwadzidzidzi mankhwala woopsawo mankhwala amatha mosavuta "amamvera nyimbo m'malo mochita" mu chilengedwe, chikupangitsa izi misa poyizoni wa anthu. Komanso likukhalira iwo Motero owononga dziko kunja chifukwa physico-mankhwala ndi katundu poizoni zinthu izi. katundu wofunika kwambiri ndiponso yovuta pano monga pophulikira, kung'anima yozizira koopsa ndi kuwira, boma thupi, corrosiveness, solubility, kukhuthala, osalimba, kutentha kwa evaporation, osakhalitsa, mayamwidwe koyefishienti, hydrolysis ndi kuthamanga nthunzi. Koma pali zina zambiri, komanso udindo mu "moyo" zinthu izi woopsawo ndi, monga Motero, 0 miyoyo ya anthu.